Zomite Kiciaptehna Vaphual Tangthu

Leitung ah Gam, Minam, Kipawlna, Party, Mun, Khuapi, Sang, Company, Sum (sum tungah) atuamtuamte in kiciaptehna dingin amau deih Ganhing, Van, Singkung (ahkl) Na khat peuhpeuh lim azang uhhi. Ei Zomite in minam kiciaptehna dingin Vaphual izang hi. Tua ahihmanin Zomi ahihnakleh Zogam, Kawlgam, Vaigam, Tuipigal mun khat peuhpeuh ah minam vai, gamvai tawh kisai kipawlna ineihciangin kiciaptehna in Vaphual lim kizang hi. Zogamah Vasa nam aza-a sim om sungpan Vaphual izatna ahang mikimin theihding deihhuai kasa hi. Min: English kamin “Hornbill” kici in ei Zogama Zovaphual namte “Great Hornbill” kici hi.Leitung Gam Vasalam mipilte’n “Bucerosbicornis” naci uhhi. Buceros kammal Greek pau pan hong pai “Bawngki” (Cow Horn) cihna hi in, Biconis kammal Latin pau pan hong pai “Ki abang” (Hornlike) cihna ahihi. Tua ahihmanin “Bawngki tawh a kibang Vasa nam” cihna ahihi. Nepalte in “Homrai” (Gamlak Kumpi) naci uhhi. Zopau in “Phual” cihciangin teng, om (ahkl) kibusa cihna hi a Vaphual akhatna in “Singhawm, Suanghawm sunga aphual, aom, akibusa Vasa” cihna ahihi. Leitungah Vaphual nam (55) bang om in Gam Vasalam mipilte’n min khat ciat na vawh uhhi. Zomite Vaphual tawh Ciapteh Kipatna: Nidanglai in Lawi Thang leh Sial Lian kici unau nih om hi. Lawi Thang a uzaw hi-in, Sial Lian a nau zaw ahihi. A neulai un a nu uh si a, a pa un zikik a nei hi. A nukik un Lawi Thang leh Sial Lian itlo in a pasal kiangah, “Hih naupang tegel tawh khuasa khawm theilo ding ka hihmanin, ahithei bangin mundangah hawlkhia in” a ci hi. A pa in a tapategel hehpihhuai sa in it mahmah napi a zi’ thu mangin gamlapi ah Bawm lianpi khattawh pua in paipih a aciahtheih nawtloh nang munah khawlpih in ihmusak in a ihmut kalun anusia vingveng hi. A tate a khanlawh ciangin, khua muita in akiim apaam a et uhleh a pa uh mu nawnlo hi. Acihnading uh thei lo in, agil uh kial mahmah a, akapkap uhhi. Gamlakah nektheih zongin a vaak melmel uhhi. Nektheih a muh peuhpeuh uh, phelhawmin a ne uhhi. Ni khat vasa bu khat mu uh a, a u in a va et saisai leh Vaphual tui tang khat na om hi. Khia suk lelah kitam ding, ne lelah a nau in ngawl ding ahihmanin a u in a kam sungah muamin sing tungpan hong kumsuk hi. Leilak a tunma in Vaphual tui taam sakkha in valh kha a, Vaphual a suakpah hi. A naupa in a u Vaphual a suah ciangin dah mahmahin amah kia a kapkap hi. A u in “Nau aw kapkap kei ou! Nek theih Singgah ka muh peuhpeuh hong puak ning aw, Lau ken aw” a ci hi. A u zong Singgah zongin a lenlen leh munkhat ah gamhoih gamnuam mahmah khat mu a, a naupa samin tua Khua ah a tengsak hi. A naupa in tua Khua ah a sep khempeuh lawhcing in, a khawi peuhpeuh pung mahmah hi. Zi nei in ta nei in nuam a sa mahmah hi. A sawtlo in Khua Hausa nangawn a sem hi. A upa in zong vilkik nawnlo in kum sau veipi a kikhen uh hi. Ni khat ni ciangin, a naupa Sial Lian in ton ding hong vaihawm hi. Zu leh sa na khempeuh kicing zihziah khin a, a nunung penin a upa a sam nuam hi. Tua ahih manin a upa a sam dingin vasa khempeuh kaikhawm in a sam siampen ding sin kawikawi a, atawpna ah Vavui asawl hi. Ton kipat ni zingsangin, a u Lawi Thang hong tung huak-huak takpi a, inntual tungah hong laam hi. Sial Lian zong nuam mahmahin, a inntual laizangah hong pai a, a u amuak hi. A u in a mul khat botin a khiatsuk leh, a nau in hoihsa mahmah in a lukhu tungah suang viuveu in mipi lai ah a laam hi. Vaphual mul tawh kilawm mahmah in mi khempeuh in hoihsa in a eng mahmah uhhi. Papi khempeuh in Vaphual mul ngen pah ngeingai uh a, a u in zong a mul neih khempeuh botbotin a khiatkhiat hi. A Kha a Mei abeidong botbotin khiatkhiat ahih manin a tawpna ciangin leng thei nawnlo in leilak ah hong kia a, a naupa in a tangsaal ah akem hi. A Kha a Mei akim dong akep khitciangin a khah kik hi. A u in a lenkhiat kik ding ciangin, a naupa’ kiangah khitui nulkawm sa in “Nau! hih lai mun sang a nuamzaw gam khat mu khin ka hi aw. Tua lai ah a tawntung ih tenkhop theih nading ni khat niciang hongsam ding ka hi. Tualai mun nong tunnop leh Thumanna leh Cihtakna kiptakin len tinten in la, na nuntakpih in aw. Mangngilh hetken aw Sial Lian!” ci-in a vaikhak khit ciangin a leng khia vingveng hi. Tua huna kipanin tuni dong Vaphual ahi a u Lawi Thang leh a naupa Sial Lian akimu nawn kei uh hi. Tua ahihmanin Zomite in Vaphual tawh iki ciaptehna hih unau nihte’ Tangthu pan hong kipan hi ci-in Zomi Tangthulam mipilten na ciamteh uhhi. Omna Munte: Vaphual omna munte: Kawlgam, India, Sri Lanka,Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Lao, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Melanesia (Fiji, Solomon, Santa Cruz, Vanuatu leh New Caledonia Tuikulhte) leh Africa gam nuailam Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda gamte ah om hi. Zovaphual (Bucerosbicornis) namte Zogam, India, Nepal, Malaysia leh Indonesia ah om hi. Malaysia gam Borneo tuikulh a Sarawak gamah Vaphual tam mahmah ahihmanin tua munmin “Land of the Hornbills” (Vaphual tamna Mun) naci uhhi. Pumpi: A nam tawh kizui in agol aneu om hi. Black Dwarf Vaphual namte a neu nam hi in gram 102 bang gik thei in a sauna 30cm (pi khat) bang pha thei hi. Africa gam nuailam ah ki mu thei hi. Southern Ground Vaphual namte a gol nam hi in Kg. 6 ciangbang gik thei in a sauna 1.4 meter (pi 4) ciangbang pha thei hi. Africa gam Namibia, Angola, South Africa, Burundi leh Kenya gamte ah kimu thei hi. Zogama om Vaphualte Kg. 4 ciangbang gik thei in a sauna 130 cm (pi 4) ciangbang pha thei hi. Akha zal leh 152 cm (pi 5) ciangbang zai thei hi. A nute sangin a pate gol zaw hi. Vasa dangte tawh aki batlohna khat ah Bawngki tawh akibang a mukpi uh oltakin a puak theih nangin a gawngguh atunglama nihte kizom se hi. Tua banah adekguite, thagui dangte sang’ lianzaw in khauhzaw se hi. A mukpi uh kihunna, mul puahna, bu bawlna leh annekna in zang uhhi. Vaphual pumpi tungah Gial (colours) nam 5: Asan, Avom, Akang, Aeng leh Ankampakte om hi. Tua ahihmanin Zomite in minam kiciaptehna in izat mahmah khat ahi Puandum agialte (colours) zong Vaphual gial pan ilak ahihna kimu thei hi. Khuamuhna: Mihingte sangin khuamuhna (mitmuhna) zaizaw hi. Mihingte in mailamteng bek kimu thei in Vaphual in mailam leh apangbup teng mu thei hi. Tua ahihmanin a mukpi tawh annekna leh nasepna tuamtuamte abuailoh nangin teltakin mu thei hi. Muvanlai mahbangin gamlapi pan na mu thei hi. Khualum leh nisa gamah om ahih mahbangin nitang sungah sawtpi ahahzawh nangin nisa dalding mitkhu mul apha mahmah leh asau ziazua nei hi. Gamtatzia leh Omdan: Sun sungteng gamtangin zanin ihmu uhhi. Gamtatnate ah atamzaw a kop, a innkuan cihbangin kithuah uhhi. Nauneih lohhun sungin khat veivei ahonin kithuah khawm thei uhhi. Gammangtulak, mualkawm, singniim leh singkung lianpi dawna tut viuveu nuamsa hi. Alen uhciang akha van uh ngeih huak-huak mahmah in gamlapi pan kiza thei hi. A ham uh zong ngeih in gamlapi pan kiza thei a atuamtuamin ham thei uhhi. Sun sungteng an zongin gamlapi vapha thei uh a, nitum kuan ciangin agiatphual mun zuan zel uhhi. Nisim in atawtna lampi zuiden uhhi. A ihmut ciangun alu vanlam ngato sak uhhi. Bawgki abang amukpi apuaknop nang ahihi. A maizum baih mahmah leh mi azakta thei ganhing in zong kiciamteh hi. Vasa dangte tawh zong kithuah khawm thei in a ne thei ding leh a susia thei ding alauhhuai Vasa leh gamsate kipawlin kidal khawm, kihung khawm thei uhhi. Nek leh Dawn: Singgah Anpi in zangin Ganhing neute zong ne thei uhhi. Thei gah limsa in lim nek pen hi. Singgah minte bek ne uhhi. Gilkial ahiphial zongin Singgah amin dong ngakin amin khitciang nepan uhhi. Singgah nekna panin apumpi ading tui kisamzah ngahthei hi. A Singgah nekte alenna khempeuh ah ek in tha kawikawi ahihmanin amute Singkungno in po zel hi. Tua ahihmanin Vaphual khat anuntak sungin Singkung kung 14,600 (tulsawm-le-tulli-le-zaguk) suanmanhi ci-in Gam Vasalam mipilten ciamteh uhhi. Singkung mun tuamtuamah apo nang akizeelsak ganhing nam khat in zong kiciamteh hi. Nupa ki Itna: Koppih akhek mengmenglo ganhingnam ahihi. Vaphual nupa akibah (ahkl) aomkhop laitakun hundang sangin kamtam zaw uhhi. Abahpih masak (ahkl) no aneihpih masak pen mahtawh aneih kikciang neikhawmin ateek, ahuai, asih dongin nupa kopkhatin omsuak uhhi. Akikoppih akithuahpihsa bek mahtawh omkhawm den uhhi. Tua ahihmanin Ganhing khawiten Vaphual abah (omkhop) saknop uhciang haksa samahmah uh a, tamveipi ahamciam uhciang hithei pan bek hi. Vaphual nupa aki it vanglakte khat si leh alawm lungleng khuangai lua om thei nawnlo in lengleng hi. Atawpna ah amah leh amah zong kikhual zonawnlo in vanlaizang pan akhate zepin ki khawhsuk vilvel a alawm sihna munah Sing leh Suang aom bangbang tawh kitatsukin si hi ci-in Khangluiten naciamteh uh hi. Suan leh Paal neihna: Gammanglak Singkung liante tung (ahkl) Suanghawm sungah bu bawlin tui-na leh awpna in zang uhhi. Tui 6 ciang neithei hi. A awp ciangin anu leh anote abu sungah omin ganhing dangte alut theihloh, anek theihloh nangin Buan, Ganhing-ek leh Singhawng cihbang tawh abu hucipin apa in an apiak theihnang amuk kitat nangciang vangsak kiukiau hi. Anu a-awp sungteng leh akeuhkhit anote a-ngek lai sungteng apa in anpuak den hi. Nai (1) sungin anpuak leh avil kawmin abu 20 veibang tungthei hi kici hi. Hih hunsungteng anu akha-te nemin leng theilo hi. A awp hun ni 25 pan 40 sungbang sawt thei hi. Azenzen in apa anzongin apai laitak anu in tua abu hukna vang kiukiau nasukham kha banghileh apa in Vaphualpa dangtawh aomkhawm sa in anpuak nawnloin nusia hi, kici hi. Tua ahihmanin anu leh anote annek ding azonglai Vaphualpa khat kithatkha, kimankha bang hileh anu leh anote abu sungah an ngawlin puuksi khinding ahihi. Anu in anote anutsiat sangin abu sungah anote tawh sikhawm zaw kici hi. Anote agol deuhciangin api akha-te hong khauhkikin abu sungpan paikhia-in anupa un anote anpuak khawm uhhi. Anu apaikhiat ciangin abu sunga om anote in avang hukik uhhi. No aneihkik uhciang abu lui mah zangkik zel uhhi. Kum 3 aphak masiah Bawngki abang muk neinailo uhhi. Kum 5 acin khitciang Vaphual mel taktak puapan uhhi. Zogama om Zovaphualte kum 50 ciangbang nunta thei uhhi. Kizatna: Vaphual nuntakna ah Cihtakna (fidelity) leh Sianthona (purity) om ahihmanin minam tampite in Kiciaptehna in nei uhhi. Zomite in “Phualva bangin ciampel keini”, “Phualva bang itna” cihbangin thu leh la inei-a Itana leh Cihtakna in iciamteh hi. Zomite in mipil, milian, mihaute Vaphual tawh kigenteh hi. Hong minsiat, hongzawn ki uhciang “Vaphual tangsa Va-ak suak” ci-in paunak inei hi. Tangvalte in nungak melhoihte Vaphual tawh nagenteh uhhi: “Phualva aw, singdang ang ah na tul ding…” cihbangin la nakiphuah uhhi. Mothak tawh zong kigenteh in mopi ding aomciang ahemgenna in “Vaphualno lading maw?” ci-in kidong hi. Borneo tuikulh a Sarawak minamte bangin Sianthona in naciamteh ahihmanin Biakpiakna in nanei liang uhhi. Mat leh thah dingbang lim kham mahmah uhhi. Pawlkhatte in Vaphuallu Dawi thoihna leh Aisanna in azang zong om hi. India gam Arunachal Pradesh a Nyishi minamte bangin Vaphual lu leh kha minam kizepna thu mahmah khat in nei uhhi. Kizep nangin adeihmanun Vaphual tampi that uhhi. Tuhun ciangin India Gamsa Kemcing Kipawlna in kham ahihmanin tamzat nawnlo uhhi. Asa leh alukhu (alutunga lukhu abang) anete Arthritis Natna (guh khat-le-khat kikal kizopna natna) dam thei hi ci-in kiciamteh hi. Vaphual Kiciaptehna in azangte: Zogam (Chin State) bup in Gam Ciaptehna Vasa (State Bird) in kizangin Gam Dialpi (State Flag) tungah ki tuangsak hi. India gam State (25) sungpan Arunachal Pradesh State in Gam Ciaptehna Vasa in zang in Gam Sealpi (State Seal) tungah tuangsak hi. Kerala State in Gam Ciaptehna Vasa (State Bird) in zang hi. Malaysia gam State (13) sungpan Sarawak State in Gam Ciaptehna Vasa (State Bird) leh Gambup Ciaptehna (State Emblem) in zang hi. Bombay (Mumbai) Natural History Society in a mau kipawlna Ciaptehna in zang hi. Bombay Natural History Society September 15, 1883 ni-a kiphuan hi in India gamsung Ganhing, Singkung, Lopate akemcing kipawlna lian mahmah khat ahihi. Malaysia gamah Sum tung leh Lailu tungah tuangsak hi. Indonesia gam Province (33) sung pan Central Kalimantan Province in Gam Dialpi tung leh Gam Sealpi tungah tuangsak in South Sulawesi Province in Gam Sealpi tungah tuangsak. Indonesia gama University minthang khat ahi Lambung Mangkurat University in a university Sealpi tungah tuangsak hi. Thukhupna: Vaphualte nuntakna sungah Itna dik leh Cihtakna man kimu thei hi. Tanglai hun pekpan ipu ipate in thu le la ah “Phualva bang Itna”, “Phualva bang ciampel keini” cihbangin Vaphualte ki Itna leh Cihtaknate etteh in na nungta uhhi. Vaphual nupate kicimtaak hetlo in ateek ahuai dong ki-it ki-ngai in sihna lo-ngal tawh kikhenlo uhhi. Asih uhciang zong kisihpih ngamlai uhhi. Vaphualpa in anu leh atanote khualin khua-ul, gim le tawl pipi nisa, guahzu, meikai nuai ah anzongin anpuak den hi. Tatsatlo in vilden in taisan ngeilo hi. Zomite in minam kiciaptehna in Vaphual izatkhak angtan huai in teelkhial hetlo hihang. Tua ahihmanin ei Khangthak Zomite in Vaphual Itna leh Cihtaknate nei a minam lian, minam picing leh minam khangto isuah nang hanciam ciatni. By: Paul Thangpi (Pau Pian Thang International Tongsan Consultant of Germany Offenbach, Germany

Kawlgam Tang Thu Tomkim

Kawlgam mikhat hihna tawh Kawlgam taangthu ahi ciang khat theihhuai veve ahih manin, anuai abang in a Burma Flag 537 1kum le khate tawh kaihkhopna tuamtuam pan tomkim cing in hong kisuaksak hi. A lunglutte' ading deihsakna hi. - AD1400 pawl in Anawrata kumpi hong suah khit ciang amasa pen Kawlgam' khuapi dingin Bagan kilam hi. - 1506 kum Anawrata kumpi in Thatung gam sim in lazo pah A Shin Arahan Burma maptephongyi Bagan ah Tira Wara Buddha biakna a pankhia dingin sam uh hi. - 1287 kum ciangin Mongolia kumpi Khblai Khan in Bagan sim ahih manin, Kawlgam kumpi masa i gam kisia ta hi. - 1513 kum in Htapin Shweti in Kawlgam nihna lam kik hi. - 1550 -1581 sungin Bayin Naung in Chiangmai le Ayudaya sim / do in lazo pah hi. - 1752 kumin Mon te in Innwa sim in lazo uh ahih manin, Kawlgam nihna zong bei leuleu hi. - 1755 kum in Alaung Phaya in Kawlgam thumna lam kik hi. - 1760 kum in Alaung Phaya in Mon te Innwa pan hawlkhia ahih manin Mon khua hong piangkhia hi. Dagon pen Yangon tawh kilai a, gal beina mun cihna ahi hi. - 1813 kum ciang Dr.Adoniram Judson in Christian Missionary hihna tawh mission sem dingin Kawlgam hong tung hi. Zolawkta map masa - 1824 - 26 kum in a khatveina Mangkang le Kawl kidona hong piang hi. Yandapu sachoh bawl in Rakhine le Thahninthari Mangkang te' khut sung tung hi. - 1852-72 kum sungteng in anihveina Mangkang le Kawl kidona om leuleu a Kawlgam khanglam Mangkang ten laksak leuleu ta hi. - 1853 pan 1578 hun sungin Min Dung Min kumpi hong kah a Mandalay kumpi inn (nan dwin) hong lam in kumpi semto suak hi. - 1885 kum ciang a thumveina Mangkang le Kawl gal kidona hong piang leuleu a, Mangkang ten zo uh ahih manin - 1885 December ni 5 ni in Thi Paw Min India ah paipih uh hi. - 1886 kum January khat pan kipan Kawlgam pen India gam ukna nua ah kikoih in Yangon pen gambup khuapi dingin kipsak hi. - 1886 pan 1895 dong Kawlgam saklam pan Mangkang te gamnuai mite in sim hi. - 1906 kum in YMBA (Young Men's Buddhist Association) kici kipawlna khat gammi itna tawh galkido na hong pian na dingin phuankhia uh hi. - 1920 kum ciangin GCBA kici General Council of Burmese Associationcih kipawlna min tawh mah le mah ki-ukna khuan ngetna bawl uh hi. - 1923 kum in Kawlgam bup Daiyakhi ki-ukna tawh uk uh hi. - 1930 kum May 30 ni-in Doh Bama Asi Ayung kipawlna kiphuankhia a,December kha sungin Saya San makaihna tawh Lokhote' tawh kum 2 sung kidona om hi. - 1937 kum in India ukna khutnuai pan Kawlgam ukna ki lakhia hi. - 1939 kum in Thakhin Phoe Hla Kyi makaihna tawh Yinan Nasemte' Lungphona hong pia khia in Kawl kumsim na sungah 1300 Galdona ci in minthang mahmah hi. - 1941 kum ciangin Japan in Kawlgam hong sim masa a, December 26 ni-in BIA kici Burma Independence Army hong piang khia hi. - 1942 kum July 27 ni in BIA pen BDA (Burma Defense Army) cih tawh laih hi. - 1943 -1945 dong Japan in Kawlgam hong uk hi. - 1943 kum in Suahtakna manlo kipia hi. - 1945 kum March kha 27 ni in aana tawh hong ukte dona kinei a Japan Gal ci in tuni dongin kiciam teh in, Galkapte' Ni kici hi. - 1945 kum June kha 15 ni in Japan te hawlkhia zo ta uh hi. - 1945 kum OCtober ni 16 ni in, Mangkang te'n Kawlgam hong uk kik hi. January kha 27 ni in Aung San Atlee Kiciamna ki bawl a, tua kiciamna sachoh in Kawlgam suahtakna ding aamahkhanna sachoh ahi hi. - 1947 kum February ni 6 pan 12 ni dong Shan Pyi Ne, Panglong khua ah Shan, Chin, Kachin le Kawl te akibangin suahtakna ngah nading in Panglong Kiciamna Sachoh bawl in min thuh uh hi. -1947nJuly 19 ni in akallak a kumpi sem pak General Aung San le Kawlgam makai 6 te kisuamlum hi. - 1947 kum October kha 17 ni in Nu-Atlee Kiciamna Sachoh kibawl leuleu a tua in Kawlgambup Suahtakna ngah nading kiciamna ahi hi. - 1948 kum January kha ni 4 ni in Akigawmkhawm Kawlgam (Union of Burma) cih mintawh suahtakna kila hi. Shan minam Sat Shwe Thaih in gambup President hong sem a, U Nu in Prime Minister hong sem hi. Tua hun in zong Panglong Kiciamna a thukimlo Communist te le Karen te in kumpi hong langdo uh hi. Tua pen a yong namkim gamnuaimi te' gamsung kidona kici hi. - 1951 kum in Suahtakna ngah khit ciang akhat veina Parliament ki-ukna hong kipan khia a, mipi lungkimna tawh kiteelna nei uh hi. - 1956 kum ciangin a nihvei kiteelna ki bawl leuleu hi. - 1958 kum ciangin, Phah Sah Pah Lah khennih kisuah a, Asiantho Phah Sah Pah Lah le Akho Tawntung Phah Sah Pah Lah cih te ahi hi. Hih tegel in kiteelna neih kik ding ngiimna tawh September kha 28 ni in Ing Song Asoe Yah ci in Inn Ngak Kumpi kipawlna min tawh General Ne Win in tavuan la hi. - 1960 kum February kha in kiteelna kibawl a U Nu in Pyidaungsu Party pan zawhna ngah in, April kha ni 4 ni kumpi hong suak hi. Tua khit ciangin Kawl le Sen gamgi kilemna letmat kithuh hi. - 1961 kum Union Parliament pan U Nu in Buddha biakna pen Kawlgam bup biakna in genkhia hi. Tua hang in, KIA / KIO cih te hong piang khia hi. - 1962 kum March kha ni 2 ni in galdo kumpi ahi General Ne Win makaih na tawh Kawlgam bup zawhthawh thutawh ukna aana hong la uh hi. July kha ni 4 ni in Kawlmi te zia le za tawh kituak Socialism ki-ukna lam ah kal hong suanto ta hi. - 1963 kum in gamsung kilem na dingin kumpi lam pan kilemna bawl uh hi. - 1964 kum ciangin gamsung a om gamvai sai party khempeuh kiphiat hi. Private neihsa ahi sanginn, vazuakna sai le vante khempeuh gambup neihsa ci in zawhthawh thu tawh la mang uh hi. - 1965 kum ciangin pilna sang khempeuh kumpi in tavuan hong la ta hi. - 1972 kum in news journal khempeuh ki khak leuleu uh hi. - 1974 kum March kha ni 2 ni in gamsung thuguilet ding hong bawl thak uh a, Kawlgam buppi Socialist Party in uk a U Ne Win in President sem hi. - 1974 kum takciang in U That hang a buaina hong piangkhia hi. U Thant pen UN ah Secretary General masa milui khat hi a, America ah si in, Kawlgam ah a luanghawm apuak ciang U Ne Win in thupi ngaihsut loin mi mawkmawk khat bangin bawl in thupi simlo hi. Tua thu hangin biakna makai te le mipi sangnaupang te in U Thant luanghawm sut in gammipi te in vui ding in hanciam uh hi. Hi thu hangin, Sangnaupang makai Salai Tin Maung U (Asho Chin) kiman in sihdan kipia hi. A kithah hun laitak in amah kum 24 pha pan hi. Sangnaupang khat hibang in Kawl kumpi in khautawh akhailup na thu in, Kawlgam taangthu sungah a khatveina ahi hi. - 1980 kum May kha 24 pan 28 sung in Kawlgam sungah Buddha biakna hong tangzai semsem nading in khawmpi kibawl hi. - 1981 kum November ni 6 ni in U Ne Win hong tawlnga a, San Yuh in President hong sem hi. - 1987 kum ciangin Kawlgam Dewali hong la hi. - 1988 kum July kha ni 6 ni in Brig. Gen. Sein Lwin in President hong sema, mipi in galkap ukna kideihlo ahih manin, August ni 8 ni akipan Kawlgambup lungphona kinei hi. Tua pen democracy galdona kici hi. - 1988 August 12 ni leuleu ciangin Dr.Maung Maung in President sem leuleu a, lungphona a neite sung pan mi tulsawm bangin sihlawh uh hi. Khangno lai sangnaupangte a tulsawm simin gamgi lam zuan in taikhia ngeingai uh hi. Video lakna pan etkikna nei in mi tampi tak mah zui in man mang uh hi. - 1988 September 18 ni- in SLORC (Gamsung Kilemna le Kilamtoh nading Kipawlna) hong piang khia a, Chairman Sr.Gen. Saw Maung in aana hong la leuleu hi. - 1990 kum in Party kiteelna om a, NLD in gualzawhna ngah hi na pi in kumpi ukna kingah saklo uh hi. - 1992 April kha 23 ni in, Sr.Gen.Than Shwe in aana hong lato hi. - 1993 kum in Amyotha Nyi La Khan( National Coference) kibawl a, 1996 kum March kha ciang in bei hi. - 1997 kum July kha 23 ni in Kawlgam zong ASEAN gam sungah kihel hi. - 1997 November kha 15 ni in, SLORC (State Law and Order Restoration Council) pen SPDC (State Peace and Development Council) ci in ki laih hi. Kawlgam bup minlawhna zong Burma ci nonlo in Myanmar tawh kilaih hi. - 2003 kum in Kawlgam democracy lam manawh a kalsuanna U Khin Nyunt in Road Map 7 cih khat hong bawl hi. Daw Suu Kyi le Depeyin buaina hong kizomto hi. - 2004 kum in Gen. Khin Nyunt hong kia leuleu a, Amyotha Nyi La Khan kibawl thak leuleu hi. - 2005 kum November kha in Kawlgam khuapi Nyi Pyi Taw ah kilaih a, kumpi ukna zum thupi khempeuh Nyi Pyi Taw ah kikoih ta hi. - 2007 kum September kha ciangin Shwe Wa Yong kidona hong piang hi. - 2008 kum tak ciangin, gambup thuguilet pen mipi 92% thukim uh hi ci in kumpi lam pan kithangsak hi. - 2010 kum ciangin, party tuamtuam democracy kiteelna ki nei a, USDP (Union Solidarity and Development Party) in kumpi lam ding tavuan ngah in Dr. Thein Sein in President sem hi. Source: {Chin youths and political views} Translated by Prof.Dr.David Ngin Sian Pau

CHIN HILLS REGULATION

CHIN HILLS REGULATION, 1896 Part IV (22, 23, 37 & 40) 22. When the Superintendent is satisfied that the presence of any person (not being a public servant or a Zomi) is injurious to the peace or good administration of the Chin Hills, he may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, order such person to leave the Chin Hills within a given time. 23. Whoever contravenes the provisions of section 19, or disobeys an order under section 20 or a requisition under section 21, or an order under section 22, may, on conviction by a Magistrate, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to one thousand rupees. 37. No appeal shall lie against any order passed by a headman or by any officer acting under his Regulation. 40. Except as provided in this Regulation, a decision passed, act done or other made under this Regulation shall not be called in question in any Civil or Criminal Court. (Source: Extract from “Chin Chronicles” by Rev Khup Za Go, 1988)

THE PANGLONG AGREEMENT

THE PANGLONG AGREEMENT (Signed on February 12, 1947) A conference have been held at Panglong, attended by Members of the Executive Council of the Governor of Burma, all Saophas and representatives of the Shan States, the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills: The Members of the Conference, believing that freedom will be more speedily achieved by the Shans, the Kachins and the Chins by their immediate co-operation with the interim Burmese Government: The Members of the Convention have accordingly, and without dissentients, agreed as follows: 1. A representative of the Hill Peoples, selected as the Governor on the recommendation of representatives of the Supreme Council of the United Hill Peoples (SCOUHP), shall be appointed as Counsellor to the Governor to deal with the Frontier Areas. 2. The said Counsellor shall also be appointed a Member of the Governor’s Executive Council, without portfolio, and the subject of Frontier Areas brought within the purview of the Executive Council by Constitutional Convention as in the case of Defence and External Affairs. The Counsellor for Frontier Areas shall be given executive authority by similar means. 3. The said Counsellor shall be assisted by two Deputy Counsellor representing races of which he is not a member. While the two Deputy Counsellors should deal in the first instance with the affairs of their respective areas and the Counsellor with all the remaining parts of the Frontier Areas, they should by Constitutional Convention act on the principle of joint responsibility. 4. While the Counsellor, in his capacity of Member of the Executive Council, will be the only representative of the Frontier Areas on the Council, the Deputy Counsellors shall be entitled to attend meetings of the Council when subjects pertaining to the Frontier Areas are discussed. 5. Though the Governor’s Executive Council will be augmented as agreed above, it will only operate in respect of the Frontier Areas in any manner which would deprive any portion of these areas of the autonomy which it now enjoys in internal administration. Full autonomy in internal administration for the Frontier Areas is accepted in principle. 6. Though the question of demarcating and establishing a separate Kachin State within a Unified Burma is one which must be relegated for decision by the Constituent Assembly, it is agreed that such a state is desirable. As a first step towards this end, the Counsellor shall be consulted in administration of such areas in the Myitkyina and the Bhamo Districts as are Part II Scheduled Areas under the Government of Burma act of 1935. 7. Citizens of the Frontier Ares shall enjoy rights and privileges which are regarded as fundamental in democratic countries. 8. The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are without prejudice to the financial autonomy now vested in the Federated Shan States. 9. The arrangements adopted in this Agreement are without prejudice to the financial assistance which the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills are entitled to receive from the revenues of Burma, and the Executive Council will examine with the Frontier Areas Counsellor and the Deputy Counsellors the feasibility of adopting for the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills financial arrangements similar to those between Burma and the Federated Shan States. (Source: Extract from “Chin Chronicles” by Rev Khup Za Go, 1988)

Zomi Khangthak Mipil-te le Scholarly Nasepna-te (2)

Minam khat, gam khat, sanginn khat ii standard pen mipil scholar bangzah om, scholarly work nasepna contribution bangzah nei cih tawh kiciangtan ahi hi. Sum le paii, leisung/leitung sumpiang bangzah nei, bangzah in hau, mi bangzah pha, etc. te hi zaw lo in, mipil bangzah nei cih human resource ki en zaw ahi hi. Zomi te'n mipil bangzah ih nei ngei khin a, tu in bangzah ih nei lai hiam? Mailam-ah bangzah ih nei zo diam? Mipil nam nih om hi: degree holder le scholar ahi hi. Mi tampitak te in pilna/siamna degree khat le nih a ngah khit uh ciang in man khin kisa uh a, a pilna/siamna tungtawn in bangmah sin thuah, semthuah nawn lo thei uh hi. Tua te pen degree holder kici a, scholar kici thei lo in, scholarly dead--pilna lam-ah a si ahi uh hi. Scholar khat pen a tawntung in upgrade kibawl ding copesuanpaukisam ahi hi. Scholarly nasepna a neihzawh den ding kisam ahi hi. Tua ciang bek in scholar mipil/misiam hi thei pan ahi hi. Scholar life cih pen a tawntung in pilna zong ding, hawm khia ding ahi hi. Nung deuh in Dr. Puapau thu ih gen khin zo a, tu in Dr. Suan thu ih gen ding hi. Dr. Suan pen tu laitak Fulbright research program tawh US ah postdoc program a bawl laitak hi a, Zomi khangno lai khat hi bang in hong madawk pen ih angtang mahmah hi. Dr. Suan ih cih pen Prof. Dr. H. Kham Khan Suan ahi hi. A mah pen a innkuan tawh Philadelphia khua University of Pennsylvania sangpi ah research bawlin a om laitak ahi hi. A sang min pen UPenn ahikei le Penn ci in a min a tom in kilo hi. Dr. Suan pen Political Science tawh pilna sin le pilna hilh professor khat ahi hi. India gam, Varanasi University ah professor seem ahi hi. Tu laitak research bawlna pen "Asymmetric Federalism and the Question of Democratic Justice in Northeast India" cih thulu tawh research a bawl laitak ahi hi. A ma' hong genna ka ciamtehna bang ahi le, tu a Fulbright research pen a PhD tawh kizomto postdoc program ahi hi. A tung a thulu tawh, a diakin Naga leh Mizo te' gam/leitang le minam kepbitna le ngeina tawh India gambup nuai a kipia thuneihna tangzaizaw in bangciang ah mipi' deihna le thumanna tun' hiam... cih thu ahi hi. Dr. Suan pen khangno mahmah lai simtham a, ningkum mah in zi nei pan ahi hi. Tu in tanu no khat tawi a, "Papa" ci thei nai lo deuh ahi hi. Dr. pa in a research bawlna nuamtak in hong zawh khit ciang, maban limci tak in hong zop zawhna ding thungetna ah ih panpih ciat ding hi. September kipat lam pawl in India zuankikding dan ahi hi. Dr. Suan in a ma' postdoc research program thu le a sang thu a nuai a bang in detailed tak hong gen hi: [step by step thupi ahiman in hong gual pha kik ing.] Fulbright-Nehru Postdoctoral Research Fellowship ngah in a pai ka hi hi. Fulbright fellowship pen gam 80 ah om a, Myanmar panin zong ki apply thei ding hi. India pan Fulbright fellowship ngah tampen gige a, US leh India government in sum thawhkhawm i nasiatak in khat leh khat kitheihciatna nading/kipumkhatna a hatzawhsem nading in a ngaihsut uh ahi hi. India pan Fulbright Fellowship category 15 phial mahmah ki apply thei a, kei apply pen ah mi 18 ka cing uh hi. Proposal line 50 leh abstract 50 words kigelh a, referee letters/recommendation 3 leh US University pan invitation ngah kul hi. Tukum bang kei category (Fulbright-Nehru Postdoctoral Research Fellowship) apply na ah mi 244 pha a tuasung pan mi 24 interview Delhi ah ong neihpih in tuapan mi 18 in ka ngah uh hi. Kei subject, i.e. Political Science ah kei bek ka hi hi. Professor Brendan O'Leary, UPenn leh Professor Sumit Ganguly (Indiana University, Bloomington) te tungpan invitation ka ngah a, Brendan O'Leary ka mentor dingin deihzaw ka hih manin UPenn ka tel ahi hi. UPenn pen na theihsa bangin Ivy League member khat hi a, US leh leitung bup ading in leading university khat hi gige uh hi. Brendan O'Leary zong tulaitak kei research area (power sharing and federalism) adingin world's leading authority a kingaihsun ahi hi. Angtanhuai mahmah hi. Fulbright Fellowship lo, direct a graduate studies bawl utte adingin GRE leh TOEFL score hoih kisam a, tuate i neih khit ciangin SoP (statement of purpose) hoih leh recommendations hoih mahmah 3 neih kul, tuaciang application consider thei pan uh hi. UPenn in postdoctoral positions tuamtuam zong ahun tawh kizui in hong thei zel hi. Dr. pa profile a nuai a link ah ki en thei hi: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/people/post-doctoral-and-visiting-scholars/h-kham-khan-suan Dr. Suan mailamah Zomi t'a ding mipil misiam in Topa Pasian in hong laptosak lai ta hen! Angtanna le kipakna lianpi tawh, Sia Suanpi

The Zomi Tribes

The Zomi tribes may be classified into three zones according to their geographical habitation, viz Southern Zomi, Central Zomi and Northern Zomi. This classification is not very different from the conventionally made classification in the Linguistic Survey of India and other linguistic literature. So far as the history, language, and culture of the people are concerned, the Zomi would seem to be divided into North and South in contrast to the general east-west concept. The Zomi Tribes : Southern Zomi The Southern Zomi includes the Asho, the people of Kanpetlet, Patletwa and Matupi areas such as Chinbok, Chinme, Chinbon, Khumi, Khami, Mro, and Matu. The Asho (or the plains’ Chin) are found to have been geographically concentrated in such locations as Thayetmo, Insein, Minbu, Prome, Aunglam, Akyab, Sandoway, Syrian and Cape of Morton in the plains of Burma. Among the Southern Zomi, the Khyang and Chaungtha in Paletwa district of the Chin State have old relationships with the Arakan, like that of the Old Kuki to Manipur and Tripura. The Zomi Tribes : Central Zomi The Central Zomi includes the Falams, the Hakas, the Thantlang, the Maras (Lakhers), the Lushei, the Hmars, the Zahaus, the Hualngou, the Khuanglis, the Tlasun, the Laizou, the Bawmzou, the Zoukhuas, the Tawrs, the Zoutung, the Ngentes, the Kneltes, the Fanais, etc. They are found to have been geographically concentrated in such locations as Northern Arakan District, the Pokokku Hills, the Central portion of Chin State (all in Burma), Mizoram, Tripura Hills and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. The old Kuki groups of the anthropological and linguistic literatures like Bete (Biate), Halam, Chote (Purum), Hrangkhol, Ngente, Aimol, Kom, Anal, Chiru, Mayon, Monsang, Koireng, Tarau, etc. also belong to the Central Zomi tribes whereas the Vaiphei and the Gangte belong to the Northern group. The Zomi Tribes : Northern Zomi The Northern Zomi constitutes the Galte (Ralte), Gangte, Paite, Sihzang, Simte, Tedim, Vaiphei, Thadou, Zoute, etc. They are found to have been geographically concentrated in such locations as the Tonzang district, the Tedim district (both in Burma), the north-east of Mizoram, the Naga Hills, the Somra Tracts, the Hkamti district, the Kale-Kabaw valley and the North Cachar Hills and Karbi Anglong districts of Assam. The Northern Zomi’s socio-cultural system is basically complex but despite important structural distinctions, they have closer affinity to the Central Zomi, rather than to the Southern tribes. In Manipur, as many as 21 tribes are listed as Scheduled tribes in the 1956 Tribe Reorganisation viz, Aimol, Anal, Chiru, Chothe, Gangte, Hmar, Koireng, Kom, Lamkang, Maring, Mizo, Monsang, Moyon, Paite, Purum, Ralte, Simte, Suihte (Sukte), Thadou, Vaiphei, Zo. Even at present, the Mate, Kharam, Chongthu, Tarao and the Enpai are applying for recognition as a tribe in Manipur. All these tribes, inspite of minor dialectical differences, belongs to the same linguistic family, sharing common customs, culture, folktales, folksongs, passing through similar historical process, are descendents of common ancestor, Zo and inhabiting contiguous areas. It may be noted that the Anal, Lamkang, Maring, Monsang and Moyon tribes in Manipur are ethnologically and historically the Zo descendants, however politically they are inclined to calling themselves Naga due to weak centripetal political movement among the Zomi in the past. The Zomi tribes inhabiting the Tripura state of India are the Molsom, Langrong, Chongrai, Bong, Kaipeng, Hrangkhawl, Ruankhum, Darlong, Lushei, Rangchan, Paite/Paitu, Namte, Mizel, Lantei, Laifang, Fun, Khephong, Khareng, Balte, Jantei, and Hajango. In Bangladesh, about seven Zo tribes can be identified viz; the Bawmzo, Asho, Khami or Khumi, Kuki, Lushei, Mosho and Pankhu. Almost all the tribes inhabiting the Chin State in Burma and Mizoram state in India belong to Zo racial groups. Ethnologically, the above named tribes belong to Zomi group because their progenitor is Zo. The close ethnicity is proved by the peculiarity that though variations in dialects exist, the Zomi - unlike other tribes - can converse with one another in their respective dialects with 70% comprehension. Thus the chain of their relationship is circumscribed not only by geographical bounds, but more often by racial unity. A more detailed study into Zomi languages was made in 1931 and 44 (forty four) separate dialects were recorded as belonging to Kuki-Chin (Zomi) group. As per the memorandum submitted to the British Government on April 22, 1947 by the Mizo Union, 47 (forty seven) major Zomi tribes were included, viz Aimol, Anal, Bawng, Baite, Bawngzo, Chiru, Chawhte, Chawrai, Chongthu, Chongthu, Darlawng, Dawn, Fanai, Hmar, Hrangkhawl, Hnamte, Kaihpen, Khumi, Khiang, Khiangte, Khawlhring, Kawm, Lushei, Lakher, Langrong, Mualthum, Miria, Ngente, Paite, Pawi, Purum, Pangkhua, Pangte, Pante, Pawite, Ralte, Renthlei, Thadou, Tarau, Tikhup, Tloanglau, Tlau, Vangchhia, Vaiphei, Zoute, Zawngte and Gangte. READ MORE >>>>> http://zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_131 >>>>>

Zomi Khangthu (History)

Bang hang a hun paisa(History) sut ding ? - History hong ki repeat lou diing cih kuama’n gen theilou – Hong kipanthak(repeat) taleh hihkhelhsa bang a hihkhelh nawnlouhna diing a khangthakte’n i hihkhelhte i theih uh poimoh hi. Tua i theih ciang in maban ah lamdik (right direction) i tawnthei diing a, thupukna(decision) dik i la theita diing hi. Tuni in Hun paisa thu toh kisai THUTANNA(judgement) gen diing a kisa i hikei a, THUPUKNA (decision) lak sawm leng i hikei a, Makai masate’ ideology/philosophy leh approach record a omte i theihdandan hon report/reproduce diing ka hi a, Journalist hikei mahleng tuni a gensawntu(reporter) bang a hong pang zual dingdan ka hi. Heutute’n amau hunlai a hoihpen diing a agintakdan ua hon pi ahi ua, amau hon pina ciangciang tu a ei khangthakte’ dinmun ahi. Hoih i sakkeileh ei’ hun a bawllem diing a Pathian in hunlem (OPPORTUNITY) hon pia ahi. Tua kipan kum 50 leh abaan a i tu-le-tate’ dinmun diing tua ei khut a kinga ahi chih theih poimoh i sa hi. Dotna: Zomi in History i nei a hia ? Zomi i cih zanzek a kipan hilou amaw ? Dawnna: Kum zathum(300) vaal paita a Zomi ana kichi khinta i hi a, mite’ hon theihdan leng Zomi mah ana hi. Pong Chronicle kichi Meiteipau a R.B Pemberton in 1830 a aletna(translate) ah Chin/Kuki chi’n kigelh lou a, Zomi mah in hong kiciamteh hi. Zomi’ History sut diing kichiantak (record) i neitham uh hi. Tuate tuni’n i sutvek sengkei diing. Etsakna di’n - 18th CENTURY a). FIRST ANGLO BURMESE WAR : “Treaty of Yandabo” – 1824-26. Zomi history a diing a poimoh pente’ lak a khat ahi. Hiai toh kisai tuni’n i sut mankei diing. 19th CENTURY b). ZO GAL 1917 – 1919 : Kuki Rising cipawl zong om. Zomi history a diing a poimoh pente’ lak a khat ahi. Class la a kihilh(teaching) diing i hihlouhman in hiaipen leng i nawlkhin phot diing hi. c). 1947- PANGLONG CONFERENCE: PANGLONG AGREEMENT - February 1947 at Panglong, Shan territory, A mass meeting was held on the 20th February ,1947. The meeting was attended by Zo representative from Tedim, Falam, Haka, Matupi, Mindat and Paletwa Districts. In the meeting it was decided to unite these six districts as the Chin Special Division and the date February 20 was adopted as Zo National Day. - Panglong Agreement was signed on 12 February, 1947 Hiai leng Zomi history a diing a poimoh pente’ lak a khat ahi. Hiai leng tuni a diing in maih phot leng i chi ahi. Tuni a i sut utpen ahihleh Re-Unification movement toh kisai a panlakna deuhte ahi. Aziak ahihleh tulel a i dinmun uh leh hihna uh hiaite’ movement ah tampi ana kinga a, a hoihlam leh hoihloulam sut detdet uthuai i sa. Himahleh sinlai i deihman in tutung in ahoihlouhnate(negativity) uh leh kiakniamna ziakte uh sut tam zoding hihang. 1950-1980 kikal in kigawmna (Re-unification), Zalenna (Independence) - India leh Burma ukna nuai a zogam kikhensa kigawmna ding toh kisai a panla atampen hun ahihman in tuate sut deuh leng i ut hi. 1950-1990 -KIGAWMNA (RE-UNIFICATION) GALVAN TOH SUAL DIING A PANLAKNATE: a).BURMA-Anti-Communist Freedom League(ACFL): 1957 kum a phuh ahi. - Heutu tallang deuhte - Pu Soncinlian(MP Tedim), General Thualzen, Damkhohau, Hrangnawl (MP Haka). - Dampi gam ah Camp sat ua huai pen Tuisan Camp kici hi. - 1964 in volunteer te group thum(Falam-Haka-Tedim) a khen in Burma Police luh diing in kisa uh hi. Haka ah Hrangnawl maikaih in mi 20 pai ua, Rih khua a Burma Army Platoon khat omna Camp luh ua, lohchingtak in luhzou uh hi. Haka bel luh zoulou uh hi. Aziak ahihleh a tupdan uh a thuguk saipawl in ana theih ziak un Army te ana kigingman uh hi. - General Thualzen makaih in volunteer 700 val Tedim a Police station luh ding in kuan uh hi. Burma Army North West Command Colonel Colonel Vankulh leh Chin Special Division(Tedim, Falam, Haka, Matupi, Mindat/kanpetlet, Paletwa) a Commissioner Thawngcinthang te’n Zo suante’ a ding a haksatna tun zoding ci’n ana khou uh hi. Tuaban ah akipiakkhiat(surrendered) uh leh ngaihdam (amnesty) diing uh ahihdan ana genpih uh hi. Hiaimun ah avek phial un kipekhia uh hi. A kipekhia teng ngaihdam naak sang in Anti-Nationalist ci in Monywa Jail ah khum vek uh hi. A makaite ahihleh kipekhe lou ua gamnuai mah ah kibu uh hi. - A nung in Burma Army te’n tuisan camp valuhkhia uh hi. b). BURMA -Chin National Liberation Front(CNLF): 1964 a kiphut ahi. President Soncinlian, Secretary Pachungnung Parte, leh External Affairs Minister Damkhohau ahi uh. Amau pawl mi 40, Pachungnung Parte makaihna in India gam a pawlpi, Tunkhopum a te pawl Chin Re-unification-Chin Liberation Army(CR-CLA) te toh training khawm diing in kuan uh hi. Jampi khonawl a Guest House (Bangla) a akingakna uah Burma Police te’n va um ua, mankhe vek ua Mungjua(Monywa Jail?) ah khum vek uh hi. Hiai mun ah Pachunun Parte lel suakta hi. Amah pen khosung a mehding leh antang lei a kuan toh Burma Army te amau pawl luh ding a kuante toh khosung ah kituak uh hi. Amah Parte toh ka houlimna uah “keipen hon theitumlou uh ahihman in ka kipeel ua, ka nung etleh ka lawmte sepaihte’n a a-um uh ka gaalmuh” chi hi. c). BURMA-Chinland Independence Organization(CIO): 1962 kum a kiphut ahi. Heutu tallang deuhte ahihleh - Thangkhansuan, Thangzapau, Haukhankhup, Salai Aunghte, Salai Myoaye leh Lianmang Lianmang ahi uh. - 1966 kum in hiai CIO pen Zomi National Front(ZNF) ci’n khek uh hi. - Amau pawl Kachin Independence Organization(KIO) te’ lak a training ahi uh. Himahleh Tedim area a a-om sung un bangchichi hiam in Government in bengdai hi. d). INDIA- Chin Re-unification – Chin Liberation Army (CR-CLA): December 23, 1962 in kiphut a, President Tunkhopum Baite, Chief of Army – Lt.Col. Sonkhopau Suantak (ama zoh in K.Vungzalian), Lt. Col.Ngullet Baite -Home secretary, Paukhohau Khuptong – P.A. to President. Nengzathang Valte Southern Command, Northern Command ah Mr. Guite ahi uh. - Amau sugnu Police station leh Singngat police station luhman ua, huaizoh East Pakistan ah training nihvei kuan man uh. Note: A chiangzaw sem Laibu a hong kibawl diing ahihman in, ngak ni. e). INDIA – Mizo National Front (MNF): 1961 a kiphut ahi. Heutulian tegel ahihleh Laldenga(President), Vanlawma(secretary). 1986 in Mizoram state mu ua, himahleh Manipur South District a te ana ki-utlou. f). INDIA – Kuki National Army – UK (Demkhosiek Party) – Hiai toh kisai document ki base na ding ka muh nailouh ziak in a detail kon taklang theikei a, na hon ngaihsiam uh ka hon ngen hi. Hiai a tung a pawlpite’ tup kibang vek hi. Zo suante India kumpi leh Burma Kumpi vaihawmna nuai a i gam sehnih kisuah pen gawmkhawm nawn diing chih ahi. Zo suan i hi cinapi in Nomenclature(sakmin) Chin/kuki/Mizo/Zomi thu ah kithulual theilou ua, kihazatuah ua, tungnun kituh in aguktak leh a langtang in kinawk uh hi. KIGAWMNA(Re-Unification) ATHU TOH PANLAKNATE: - 1960 PNC memorandum to Pandit “Re-Unification of the Chin People” - 1961 Haukholal Thangjom,Tunkhopum Baite, Kaihau Vaiphei telawi in Lal Bahadur Shastri kiang ah memorandum vapia uh.(Imphal ah). - 1983 kum in ZNC in Re-Unification policy paipih kawm in back up plan in ki base na diing deihna kawm in India Prime Minister Indira Gandhi kiangah Zomi te’ kivaihawmna diing “Union Territory” nuai a provision bang a bawlsak diing in memorandam ana pia uh hi. - ZNC General Assemply Kangkap - 22nd-25th January 1985 sent to Prime Minister, Governor of Manipur. 1970-90 –KIGAWMNA(RE-UNIFICATION) ZOMI MIN TAKTAK A PANLAKNA: a). INDIA – Zomi National Congress (ZNC)- January 21, 1971 a kiphut ahi. President Upa. T. Gougin MA, Semkhokam Samte(secretary) – amah thakheng – Thangkhangin Ngaihte Mphil, Lalneihthang Hatlang(V.President), Women wing secretary - Kimneichong ahi. ZNC - Armed wing Zomi Revolutionary Volunteer(ZRV). ZRV commander Khamkhogin Thangjom - Hiai pawlpi in ahihleh policy nih nei uh hi. Kigawmna(Re-unification) leh India a Zomi te Union territory provision nuai a kivaihawm ding ngen uh hi. - Den a i gensa bang in - 1983 kum in India Prime Minister Indira Gandhi kiangah Zomi te’ kivaihawmna diing “Union Territory” nuai a provision bang a bawlsak diing in memorandam ana pia uh hi. - Luang le vaisuah(Tipaimuh) a kipan Tuibuang a DC’ office tan slogan sam in khe a pai ngatngat ua –ZNC manifesto leh slogan tuamtuamte sam kawm uh hi. – Eg. We Demand Union Territory Provision”. If ZNC dies who lives; If ZNC lives who dies” Zomi in ka piang a, Zomi in ka nungta a, Zomi in ka si diing”. - ZRV te’n Singngat sub-division, Thanlon Sub-division leh Henglep sub-division ah lamlian ana sial uh. Khau-le-khua kizopna(communication) ah pan nasatak in ana la uh hi. - ZNC General Assemply Kangkap - 22nd-25th January 1985 sent to Prime Minister, Governor of Manipur. ZNC/ZRV puksiatna ziak tampi om ding. Tu khang a mite athei tampi om diing i hihman in kei a theiloupen in ka gen poimoh hi’n ka ngaihsunkei hi. ZNC/ZRV ziak in Mipite’n sinlai tampi muh uh ka gingta hi. Siamsin te’n i subject ah ki sin ngeilou a, khangthu i sin ciang in Vaite leh Sapte’ history kia kisut ahihman in i KHANGTHU(History) sin ngeilou na nana khangthu nei ngellou bang a kingaisuna om thei ding mah hi. Hiailam a lunglutte’n sui zek lehang laibu sim diing zong tapi mahmah ana omdan ahi. Ahi a, kei mimal’ muhdan in tu khang a ZOMI I hihlam kiphawkna diing a VAAK hon kawkmuh, asuk-atou, azu-aham thuak a TANGKOU Pu T. Gougin leh ZNC a akaihzatamte ahi uh. Tua hang in “Zomi Nampa” cih a om hial Pu T. Gougin ahi. Amau tuk a tha le zung seng a, doudalna nasatak nuai a pang ngam heutu tamlou cileng kigenkhial lawmlawm lou diing hi. Tuni’n Zomi Nam Ni i zat toh kiton in ZNC aphamta leh damlaite i pahtawi ahi. ZO SUANTE’ KIKHENDAN - 1970 leh ama lam: 1. GAM LEH LEITANG A GAMGI (GEOGRAPHYCAL BOUNDARY) a). FIRST ANGLO BURMESE WAR : Kum 2 sung khawng akidou nung uh February 24, 1826 in kilemna suai hon kaaithei khongkhong uh hi. Tua kilemna “Treaty of Yandabo” kici hi. Hiai a kipan vaihawm(administration) anop zawkna diing in gelhlouh gamgi (imaginary line/Demarcation line) hon khung uh hi. British government in India leh Burma khut a zalenna (Indpendence status) a piakkhiat dektak un hiai demarcation line zangsuak uh hi. Zomite’ a di’n poi petmah ! 2. LUNGSIM GAMGI (EMOTIONALLY BOUNDARY): Nomenclature A SAKMIN AH BANG OM HIAM ? IDENTITY/NOMENCLATURE CRISIS (Know the symptom in order to give treatment) a) KUKI: I theihsa ban un nidang a Manipur singtangmite Kuki a chiamteh vek i hi uh hi. Bang hang a taikhe pawl om hiam chih i sut zek diing. 1946 kum in Heutupa Zavum Misao makaihna in Imphal a Old Lambulane ah KUKI COMPANY phut ding ci’n kikhopna thupitak ana sam uhi. Tua hun ah nam tuamtuam Non-Nagate Kuki, Thadou, Paite, Hmar, Gangte, Gangte, Vaiphei, simte, Zou, Mayon, Lamkang, Maring, Anal, Chiru, etc.. chihte telkim phial uh hi. Himahleh hiai kikhopna ah Haokip te’n Haokip pau official language diing ci uh hi. Official language thu a kithukim theilou ahihman un kimkhat in meeting pailai pawtsan uh hi. Tua hang in Khul Union leh Kuki National Assembly hon piang vilvel hi. Eipaw Khul Union ah ki-om a kum tamlou nung in Khul Union zong active taktak lou in huchikawmkal ah Tribe recognition mu tribe tampi hong om a, huai nung kigwmkhawmna pawlpi taktak omlou in eimah paipai in i pai uh hi. Khul Union apan Hmar te’n Mizo Union zom uh hi. Tua nunglam in Mizo Union in Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council hon ngahtak un Hmar bial(tipaimukh) huamkhalou maimah a, thangpai lua in Mizo Union nusia ua, atuam a ding diing ci’n December 5, 1960 in Hmar National Union phut uh hi. 1991 KUKI-NAGA clash hong kipattak chiang in alang tuak ah pressure om hi. Tua kawmkal ah Mayon, Lamkang, Maring, Anal, Chiru, etc a diak in Chandel District lam a tribe om deuhte’n Offciial tak in Naga ana zom uh hi. MNF(Laldenga) leh KNA(Demkhosiek Party) kithuah ua, Chin LA leh NNC(Phizo) a te kithuah uh hi. Tuabang in MNF(Laldenga)-KNA(Demkhosiek Party) kipthuah in Chin Army (Tunkhopum Baite) tepawl aguktak in ana dou uh hi. Incident gentheihte bel – Maite incident, Teikhang(Baklui Camp) incident. Conflict of Interest - Chin & Kuki & MIZO b). MIZO: Laldenga in Tunkhopum Baite Mizo a fight khawm diing in ana kun hi. A convince louhtak in koihkhia hi. Amah kia lou Sialkal tangdung a CLA supporte (1966 – 1968 kikal sung in thah in om uh hi. Chin Army(Tunkhopum) leh MiZo Army(Laldenge) te Sialkaltang kituh uh hi. Confilct of interest –Mizo & Chin. c). LAIMAL (LITERATURE): Pau kibang nangawn laimal zatdan akibatlouh ciang in pawl khatte’n simhak sa uh a, pawlkhatte’ laigelhte sim peihlou se uh hi. Tua in tancin kitheihtuahlouhna piangsak hiaihiai a, atawp in kingaihnatna zong kiamsak a, ki-lainatna dausak hi. Dotna : Bang ziak a ZOMI hingal a CHIN/KUKI ana zang uh hiam ? Dawnna: Burma Government hon theihdan CHIN, India government hon theihdan KUKI ahihziak ahi. Mimal ngaihda kupna1: Vaigam ah na om a, vaite’n na min Eg – THANG pen a lamsiamlouh ziak uh TANG hon ci ua, NGAIHTE pen NIGAITE hon ci uh hi. Ahihleh nang na min TANG hia-hilou. Na behmin NIGAITE hia?. Amau sim siamlouh ziak a na min leh behmin khek ding mo ? Ahihleh bangziak a Burma leh India hon theihdan meilet mawk diing ? Ka min TANG ahikei a, THANG ahi na cih diing hilou diing hia ? A simsiam keileh “mawl e laisiam di’n le” cigeih lecin. Ka hihna KUKI/CHIN ahikei a ZOMI ahi ci a government record kheksak diing hizolou ding hia ? Bangalore – Bangaluru, Orissa – Odisha, Culcutta – Kolkata etc etc. Min govt recognised min dikloute mindik a akheektheihleh en bang diing a kheek theilou tuanse diing i hia ? Mimal ngaihdan kupna2: Sacrifice Lohchinna diing a apoimoh leh i taan(sacrifice) ding khenkhat om maithei, tuate i theihsiam a i kimanna poimoh hi. 1969 a Laldenga in Kawmpui khawmpi ah Manipur South Distirct a heutute muh theitheih hong mu chi uh hi. MIZO nomenclature diing a hon compaign lai in ana pom utlou uh hi. Mizo a merge diing kimanlou cihna. KNA-UK(Demkhosiek Party) leh MNF kizuiden ahi ua, Lushai Hills a MNF Camp khawng a omkhawm ahi uh. A tawp a Kuki sacrifice a MIZO a merge diing a Laldenga in a gen tak in utlou ua MNF pawtsan hiau uh. Mizo a merge diing kimanlou cihna. Lusei/Lushai te’n amau Tribe taan (sacrifice) ngam khop in ana pang ua, Young Lushai Association kichi 1947 kum in Young Mizo Association (YMA) in kheek uh. Tulai a in Tribe base a philanthropic organization te ZYA a khek diing kichi – hoihsa leh hoihsalou ki-om – Lets look for the next 50 yrs and beyond. Hileh a hoihpen diing hong piang diing hi. Mimal ngaihdan kumpna3. Geographycal Re-Unification – tangtung di’n na gingta taktak hia ? Kei mimaltak in Re-Unification(geographically) a taktak a tangtung thei diing in mengmuhna(vision) ka neibankei hi. India policy leh Burma policy i et ciang in baihlam hetlou diing ahi cih ka mu a, impossible bangphial in ka mu hi. Himahleh Pathian nei namte’ ai hi a, Pathian a diing in thil hitheilou omlou. Amah ngen ni. 1960s: Chin Re-unification movement hunlai a Chin Army a ana pang ngeita mi bangzahhiam ka dong hi. Atawmza a kipan dawnna ka muh ahihleh – - Back up Plan: “Tupna a saan leh kiatna sang” ci uh hi. Sialkal tang, Churachandpur, Chandel teng beek a lou theilou a UT/state a koih ding back up plan ahi ci uh hi. “Ahihleh bang in hon daal pen hi’n na thei ua “ ci’n ka dong hi. “India a Zomite’n democracy nuamsa lua, political autonomy/status neihna diing a ataktak a sual(fight) peih omlou” ci uh hi. “Burma pen Military nuai ahihman in khauh mahmah a, i geographical location in a citlouh ziak in Karen/Kachin te bang in sawt kipang theilou” ci uh hi. MNF movement lohchinna leh hatna bel Mizoram a 1959 – Mautam(famine) ziak ahi. Assam leh India government in ngaihsak lolou a, tuahang in tampi’n kialsih ua, mipi thangpai tinten uh hi. Mizoram National Famine Front (MNFF) pen 1961 kum in Mizo National Front ci’n khek ua “India solkal dou diing, independenc diing a sual ding” a cih ciang un mipi kithalawp mahmah uh hi. India solkal tunga thangpaihna tinten ziak ua mipite kithalawp uh ahi. 1971 in Union territory provision mu ua, 1986 in Mizoram full fledge statehood mu uh. Independent bel mu hiallou uh hi. Tupna asaan leh kiatna saang !! CONCLUSION: Ei Heutute’ theihtuak: a) Bang pawlpi hitaleh – a pawl neulua omlou in - Khotang vai ah, Sahkhua vai ah, Politics vai ah – Heutu nna lenkhate’ i theih diing ua deihhuai bel mipite’n hon phunsansan/gensiasia kawmkawm a hon zui thou uh ahi. Heutute’ dinmun a dingte’n i mohpuakna lian mahmah ahi cih mangngilh louh diing ahi. Heutu khat in YES/NO i cih un khangthu khekzou ahihman in angma sial lou leh mimal’ hamphatna diing kia en lou a, i mipite’ khualna a pan i lak taktak uh ngaita ahi. Thupukna i lak peuhmah ding chiang un tuak kipan kum 50 leh abaan ah mipite’ a diing in a phatuam diam, cih en masa gige lehang paikhial lawmlawm diing in i kigingtakei hi. Ei Mipite’ theihtuak: Christian kici ngen, Laisiangthou sinsak a kibulphuh(base) te i hi a Laisiangthou sinsakte salam kia a diing a kigen hilou a leitung i hihsung a i hihpih diing a sinsakna ahi cih phawk leng deihhuai i sa. a) Kingaihdamna(reconciliation), ki-ittuahna: Nunglam a omte mangngilh diing – Philippi 4:13-15 Nunglam a omte mangngilh in malam a om pen ka delh hi. Khrist Jesu a kipahman sang phakchiam ka delh hi. I lak ua a pil deuhdeuh bek in huchibang lungsim i nei diing uh. Hun paisa a Heutute mohsaksak phatuam nawnlou. Hun paisa a tribe khat-le-khat kitheihsiam louhnate ki mangngilhsak tani. Sensitive lokeini. Mimal khat-le-nih toh kitheihsiam louh(Personal enmity) a amau nam (tribe) teng dembawl ekmawk keini. A diak in Facebook, internet media, leh TV leh media tuamtuamte ah communal thilte post leh comment nawn kholkei leng cidamhuai zaw diing hi. Kingaihdam tuah diing – Matthai 6:14-15 - 14Mi a tatleknate uh na ngaihdam uleh, na Pa uh van a om in leng a hon gaidam sam ding. 15Himahleh, mite a tatlekna uh na ngaihdam keingal un, na Pa un na tatleknate uh angaidam sam kei ding. Ephesate 4:32 - 32Huan, kihehpih chiata lainatna nei in om unla, Pathian in Kris a ahon ngaihdam bang in, noumau leng kingaidam tuah chiat un. Kolosa-te 3:13 - 13Kuapeuh in kua tung ah leng thubuai nei bang hile uchin, kithuakzou chiat in, kingaidam tuah unla, Toupan a hon ngaihdamtak bang in, kingaidam sam un. Ki-ittuah diing – Rome-te 13:8 8Kiittuahna loungal, kuamah bangmah ba kei un; amau mihinpih itpan dan a jui kimta ngal a. Na mi hinpih, na chi na namte na it diing na bat ahi. Na it masiah bat pelou na hi. Lemna zon diing – Phatnalate 3:14 – Gilou paisan inla, thilhoih hih in, lemna zong inla delh in delh in. Mathai 5:24 – Kilem loupi a maitam a thillat sang in kilem masak ding a gen hi. (Speech delivered by Lun Valte on Bangalore Zomi Nam Ni Celebration 2013)

TONZANG GAMSUNG KHANTOH NANG KUMPI'N HUHNA PIA

Tongzang gamsung khantohnang kumpi in anuai a bangin huhna pia hi. (1) Siklei (210'x14'x7') cia huhna Ks. 21 million (2) Tuizon huhna Ks. 22.50 million (3) Sanglam - Tonzang tan 10 sang (150'x30') Ks. 54.50 million - Kholai tan 4 sang (60'x30') Ks. 21.00 million - Mualpi tan 8 sang (120'x30') Ks. 42.50 million - Lungtak tan 4 laklawh (60'x30') Ks. 18.60 million - Tuikhingzang tan 4 sang (90'x30'x12') Ks. 18.6 million Thukizakna - Zum - (200'x20'x6') Ks. 50 million Library (24'x14') Ks. 1.00 million R.H.C Balbit (30'x30'x12') Ks. 7.50 million Tonzang + Cikha Ekbuk (100) Ks. 55.00 million Tonzang zumlam nang (40'x40'x20') Ks. 18 million Tonzang Mualpi Tuitha mei (10kw) Ks.44.87 million Cikha Gamsung Lei (3) - (3'x25') - Ks. 9.60 million Haicin sang (90'x30') - Ks. 32.40 million Tuimui sang (120'x30'x12') - Ks. 42.40 million Selbung sang (60'x30') - Ks. 12.40 million Suangbem sang (60'x30') - Ks. 12.40 million Saipimual sang (90'x30'x12') - Ks. 17.60 million Cikha - Khampat mawtaw lam (8) miles - 34.20 million Kansau zang Sub Centre zato - Ks. 35 million Ayingya - (28'x24'x9') - Ks. 12.4 million Tedim - Tonzang - Cikha mawtaw lam - Ks. 250 million Zalui bawlnang - Ks. 180 million Tedim gan Tuithang pan Cikha gam Mauvom (44) miles - 1320 million Singgial - Zampi - Haicin - Ks. 1800 million Tuimang Sub Centre Zato Ks. 12.80 million (MP. Pu Neng Khen Pau) src:: Zomi Times Kawlpi Vol.7, No.13 March 30,2013 (Saturday)

Zomi National Day: 20th February

The Zo people are proud of this day because it epitomizes their struggle for a place in the sun, a struggle that began almost a hundred years ago amongst the Zomi of Burma under the banner of the Chin Hills Union Organisation (CHUO). On 20th February, 1928 the Chin Hills Union Organisation (CHUO) was formed in the Chin Hills of Burma. This was a milestone in the history of the people because for the first time a home-grown political organization was formed. It also laid down the foundation for the introduction of a national day. The first general meeting of the Chin Hills Union Organization was successfully held at Ware Village, Chin State on 29 September, 1932. The meeting resolved to work together for success in the fields of education, health, economy and social affairs. They also took the difficult and painful decision to drive out the imperialists as soon as possible. In fact, they extended their whole-hearted help in the 1936 Students’ Strike. Subsequently the political momentum picked up with the CHUO submitting nine petitions to the British Burma Government for the improvement of Chin Hills in various fields, including: [A] to grant equal rights in administration to Zomi similar to other foreign national; [B] to administer Chin Hills according to the rules and regulations adopted by the Zomi; [C] to permit freedom of religions; [D] to allow Zomi to have freedom of relationship with any nationality; [E] to grant independence to Zomi simultaneously with Myanmar. There was heated debate between the CHUO leaders and the British on the above memorandum. The Zomi were very angry with the unfriendly attitudes of the British, thus demonstrations against the Government took place in various parts of Kanpetlet. The 36 members of circle Chairmen declared their resignations from the public service in defiance of the detention of Zomi political leaders. Demonstrations against the Government also took place in many parts of the area. They said that they would no longer pay tax and would not also serve as their coolies. Furthermore, Aung San-Atlee Agreement was signed on 27 January 1947. In line with the agreement, the Constituent Assembly was to be elected to determine future administrative affairs of Myanmar. As such, Panglong Conference was held on 7 February 1947 and Panglong Agreement was signed on 12 February 1947. Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry was formed in March 1947 under the chairmanship of the Committee, the Zomi opted to elect their own respective constituent assembly. At the request of the Zomi, Chin Hills Enquiry Commission was formed with three members on 5 February 1948. The Commission conducted enquiry from 12 to 23 February 1948 and they recommended the introduction of the rule of democratic system of administration in Chin Hills and to grant compensation to the chiefs and headmen. A general meeting was held in Falam from 19 to 22 February to make a choice on the administrative system in Chin Hills and the election of Zomi representatives. The meeting was attended by over 5000 representatives of Zomi. On 20 February 1948, the representative of Tedim, U Thawng Za Khup submitted a proposal in the general meeting. According to his proposal the Zomi had suffered untold misery under the hereditary feudal chiefs and headmen. They imposed heavy taxes on the common people. So, the majority of Zomi were in favour of the abolition of hereditary feudal system of administration and they would like to bring about modern democratic system of administration in the Chin Hill. The popular vote was taken and 5000 representatives voted in favour of the proposal whereas 17 representatives voted against the proposal. Colonialism, the rule of hereditary feudal system by chiefs and headmen were then eliminated for the first time in Chin Hills at this mass meeting and introduced the democratic system which advocates the rule of the people by the people for the people. It is landmark in the history of Chin Hills because it was the first time that all the Zomi were able to hold the general meeting and achieves national unity among themselves. So, 20 February is a historic and meaningful day for the Zomi because all the Zomi were able to achieve national solidarity and unity on this very day. On 9 October 1950, the Chin Affairs Council decided officially to honour 20 February as Zomi National Day. Since then, the Day was observed as one of the National Holiday in Burma. The Day had been celebrated by Zomi worldwide till today although the Burmese Government officially recorded as Chin National Day. It is, therefore, the fundamental duty of all Zomi to safeguard its National Day, to preserve and maintain its culture, language, religion, and literature if we would like to keep our Zomi identity among the family of nations.

ZOMI Early History & Migration

The early history of the Zomi is obscure, shrouded in myths and legends. In the absence of written documents, it is extremely difficult to trace their early history. However, through historical, linguistics, archaeological findings, and ethnic relationships, it is now accepted that they belong to the Tibeto-Burman. Thus their movements can only be studied and identified in terms of the general movements of the Tibeto-Burman tribes. Like the other tribes of the Indo-Burma frontier areas, the Zomi too could have originated from China. The area which lies between the upper course of the Yangtze Kiang and the Hwang Ho Rivers are believed to be the original home of these people. S. K. Chatterji also makes an attempt to identify the area of the “North-West China, between the head waters of the Hwang Ho and the Yangtze Kiang Rivers” as the origin of the Sino-Tibetan migration into India and Burma. Dr. Grierson wrote “…tradition and comparative physiology agree in pointing to North-Western China between the upper course of the Yangtze Kiang and of the Hwang Ho as the original home of the Tibeto-China race, to which the Tibeto-Burman and the Siamese-Chinese groups belong”. Though acceptable because of lack of any other plausible explanation, the original home of the Zomi remain indeterminate. But still it is quite obscure to know when and how they were originated from this place. It is claimed that the Zomi is one of the oldest groups of people who settled in Burma. Regarding the pattern of their historical movements, the theory advanced by F. K. Lehman quoted below is worthwhile to note – “Ethnic and linguistic differentiation certainly existed at an early period. The ancestor of the Chin and of the Burmans must have been distinct from each other even before they first appeared in Burma. Undoubtedly, these various ancestral groups were descended in part from groups immigrating into Burma, starting about the Christian era. But it is also probable that some of these groups were in Burma in the remote past, long before the date indicated by any present historical evidence”. There is, however, no doubt that the Zomi had entered into Burma in different waves along with other groups of people. This argument is supported by folklores, oral tradition and legends. They came into this region by different routes. Some groups had gone up into the Tibetan plateau to the north while other groups moved into Burma in three waves. The First people who migrated from China were the Mon-Khmer races, and the second wave was that of the Tibeto-Burman races which consist of the Zomi, the Burmese, Lolo, Kachin, etc. The third wave was that of the Tai-Chinese consisting of Shan, Siamese, Karen, etc. The Mon-Khmer group moved first from Central Asia and entered into the Indo-Chinese peninsula. They mainly moved southwards following the Mekong Valley as far south as into Kampuchea and Thailand, whence by a lateral westward movement they reached Burma. The Tibeto-Burman wave, which includes the Zomi, moved south-westward, on the line of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin (Tuikang) and disbursed along the mountainous regions of the Indo-Burma areas and of Burma on its western side. Regarding the north southward migrations, Prof. F. K. Lehman wrote: "Historical linguistics, archaeology, and racial relationships definitely indicate the ancestors of these various peoples did indeed come from the North… history shows, however, that both hills and plain peoples have moved about within the general region of South-West China and Southeast Asia over considerable distances for many centuries until recent past”. With regard to the Zomi, it is mentioned that they had migrated from the north to the southern valley areas of the Chindwin River, and then stopped by the Bay of Bengal before turning to the north again. Carey and Tuck are also of the same opinion. And when they reached the plains of Burma they were divided into several groups. One group moved towards the areas lying between the Chindwin and Irrawaddy rivers. The other groups moved towards the south and the west of Chindwin via Hukawang valley, Zou country and Arakan before 1000 A.D. the last immigrants were perhaps the Lushei and Hmar ancestors who, according to Pu K. Zawla, came to the Chindwin belt around 996 A.D. According to their local tradition, the first known settlement of the Hmar tribes was the Shan Village (Shan Khua) where they came in contact with the Shans as borne out by folk songs like the one quoted below: “Ka pa lam thak a tha’n dang, Sinlung lam thak aw a tha’n dang; Shan khua ah thapo in vang….. (My father’s step were remarkably good, Sinlung’s steps were remarkably good; Tens are the good men in Shan village….) According to legendary sources, right from the early historical period the Zomi made their settlement in the Irrawaddy and the Chindwin valleys. After their kingdom was destroyed by the Chinese, they crossed the Chindwin and settled in the area of Kale-Kabaw-Myitha-Yaw Valleys and Panduang Hills. They made a permanent settlement in the valley areas of the river which they called ‘Tuikang’ – white water. But later the Burmese called the river ‘Chindwin’ (Cin/Chin=Burmese name for Zomi; Dwin = valley or region) and the name stuck through British acceptance. Another theory based on folktales and legends claim that the Zomi had founded a kingdom called “Pugam” and its capital was Pagan. According to Chinese writers, this kingdom was situated between two and three hundred li (1 li = ½ kilometer) to the south-west of Yung-Chiang, a border state of China, on the north and northeast Nanchao (Thai) states of Upper Burma and Northern Siam; on the north and north-east of the Cheula (Kamboja), and to the east the seas (Gulf of Marteban) to the south (Cambodia). The Burmese and Chinese called this place “Piao-khua”. It is said that the Zomi ancestors had settled there since 484 B.C. Fan Ch’o, a historian-turned-diplomat of the Tang dynasty, who was the author of “Man-Shu” (Story of Nanchao), 863 A.D. had identified the Chindwin river as “Mi-no-Chiang” (Chiang means River). He also mentioned the existence of three kingdoms in the ninth century A. D. They were Mino, Min-Ch’en and P’iao. Prof. Luce tried to identify the “Mi-Ch’en” (Zomi) as the ‘Man Kingdom of Kyontu’, a Burmese area situated near Waw qt, the old mouth of Pegu river, about 20 miles northeast of Pegu and P’iao with the Pyu or Pu Kingdom at Halin town in Shwabo area in Burma. Regarding Mino, it was, with Zo kingdom, situated near the Chindwin River. As Sir J. C. Scott remarks, “Probably they (the Zomi) may be taken to be a presentiment of the Pagan Burman before he acquired Buddhism. It is also undisputed that the Thet or Sak, of Thara Keltara, who moved from to found and start the Burmese race as we know, are a Chin clan”. The Asho Zomi tradition says that the original name of Pagan was “Pugam” which literally means country or Kingdom of our ancestors. (Pu=ancestors/forefathers; gam= kingdom/country). But, unfortunately, it has come to be written as “Pugan” in Burmese. Yet “Pugam”, “Pugan” and “Pagan” are not Burmese words. They are Zomi words. Moreover, Mount Popa also is simply “Pupa Mual”, a word or term absent in the Burmese vocabulary. This undeniable fact has been approved as true by the Burmese Socialist Programme Party Research office, Rangoon. Apart from this tradition, the Zomi of Yaw country in the Pakokku District also claims that they had come from Pupa (Popa) hills. The Zomi folksongs give the picture of their settlement, prosperity and the civilization that evolved in the plains of Burma until the hand of Tartars (Mongols) struck them in the last part of the 13th century A.D. Dr. Francis Mason also mentioned that the Zomi had established an independent state in the Upper Chindwin areas. The observation about the establishment of a kingdom is clearly evident by the terms “Kumpi”, “Mang”, and “Leng” which are equivalent to Kingship. However, their prosperity did not last long. They were destroyed by the Mongols. Lt. Trant wrote: “The interlopers disposed their king and put many of their chieftains to death; they obligated the others to seek for refuge in flight…with them went some members of the royal family, but in course of time, and from deaths and changes of residence, all traces of them were lost and they know not whether any of the royal blood exists or not”. READ MORE >>>>>> http://zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_14 >>>>>>