Zomi Khangthu (History)

Bang hang a hun paisa(History) sut ding ? - History hong ki repeat lou diing cih kuama’n gen theilou – Hong kipanthak(repeat) taleh hihkhelhsa bang a hihkhelh nawnlouhna diing a khangthakte’n i hihkhelhte i theih uh poimoh hi. Tua i theih ciang in maban ah lamdik (right direction) i tawnthei diing a, thupukna(decision) dik i la theita diing hi. Tuni in Hun paisa thu toh kisai THUTANNA(judgement) gen diing a kisa i hikei a, THUPUKNA (decision) lak sawm leng i hikei a, Makai masate’ ideology/philosophy leh approach record a omte i theihdandan hon report/reproduce diing ka hi a, Journalist hikei mahleng tuni a gensawntu(reporter) bang a hong pang zual dingdan ka hi. Heutute’n amau hunlai a hoihpen diing a agintakdan ua hon pi ahi ua, amau hon pina ciangciang tu a ei khangthakte’ dinmun ahi. Hoih i sakkeileh ei’ hun a bawllem diing a Pathian in hunlem (OPPORTUNITY) hon pia ahi. Tua kipan kum 50 leh abaan a i tu-le-tate’ dinmun diing tua ei khut a kinga ahi chih theih poimoh i sa hi. Dotna: Zomi in History i nei a hia ? Zomi i cih zanzek a kipan hilou amaw ? Dawnna: Kum zathum(300) vaal paita a Zomi ana kichi khinta i hi a, mite’ hon theihdan leng Zomi mah ana hi. Pong Chronicle kichi Meiteipau a R.B Pemberton in 1830 a aletna(translate) ah Chin/Kuki chi’n kigelh lou a, Zomi mah in hong kiciamteh hi. Zomi’ History sut diing kichiantak (record) i neitham uh hi. Tuate tuni’n i sutvek sengkei diing. Etsakna di’n - 18th CENTURY a). FIRST ANGLO BURMESE WAR : “Treaty of Yandabo” – 1824-26. Zomi history a diing a poimoh pente’ lak a khat ahi. Hiai toh kisai tuni’n i sut mankei diing. 19th CENTURY b). ZO GAL 1917 – 1919 : Kuki Rising cipawl zong om. Zomi history a diing a poimoh pente’ lak a khat ahi. Class la a kihilh(teaching) diing i hihlouhman in hiaipen leng i nawlkhin phot diing hi. c). 1947- PANGLONG CONFERENCE: PANGLONG AGREEMENT - February 1947 at Panglong, Shan territory, A mass meeting was held on the 20th February ,1947. The meeting was attended by Zo representative from Tedim, Falam, Haka, Matupi, Mindat and Paletwa Districts. In the meeting it was decided to unite these six districts as the Chin Special Division and the date February 20 was adopted as Zo National Day. - Panglong Agreement was signed on 12 February, 1947 Hiai leng Zomi history a diing a poimoh pente’ lak a khat ahi. Hiai leng tuni a diing in maih phot leng i chi ahi. Tuni a i sut utpen ahihleh Re-Unification movement toh kisai a panlakna deuhte ahi. Aziak ahihleh tulel a i dinmun uh leh hihna uh hiaite’ movement ah tampi ana kinga a, a hoihlam leh hoihloulam sut detdet uthuai i sa. Himahleh sinlai i deihman in tutung in ahoihlouhnate(negativity) uh leh kiakniamna ziakte uh sut tam zoding hihang. 1950-1980 kikal in kigawmna (Re-unification), Zalenna (Independence) - India leh Burma ukna nuai a zogam kikhensa kigawmna ding toh kisai a panla atampen hun ahihman in tuate sut deuh leng i ut hi. 1950-1990 -KIGAWMNA (RE-UNIFICATION) GALVAN TOH SUAL DIING A PANLAKNATE: a).BURMA-Anti-Communist Freedom League(ACFL): 1957 kum a phuh ahi. - Heutu tallang deuhte - Pu Soncinlian(MP Tedim), General Thualzen, Damkhohau, Hrangnawl (MP Haka). - Dampi gam ah Camp sat ua huai pen Tuisan Camp kici hi. - 1964 in volunteer te group thum(Falam-Haka-Tedim) a khen in Burma Police luh diing in kisa uh hi. Haka ah Hrangnawl maikaih in mi 20 pai ua, Rih khua a Burma Army Platoon khat omna Camp luh ua, lohchingtak in luhzou uh hi. Haka bel luh zoulou uh hi. Aziak ahihleh a tupdan uh a thuguk saipawl in ana theih ziak un Army te ana kigingman uh hi. - General Thualzen makaih in volunteer 700 val Tedim a Police station luh ding in kuan uh hi. Burma Army North West Command Colonel Colonel Vankulh leh Chin Special Division(Tedim, Falam, Haka, Matupi, Mindat/kanpetlet, Paletwa) a Commissioner Thawngcinthang te’n Zo suante’ a ding a haksatna tun zoding ci’n ana khou uh hi. Tuaban ah akipiakkhiat(surrendered) uh leh ngaihdam (amnesty) diing uh ahihdan ana genpih uh hi. Hiaimun ah avek phial un kipekhia uh hi. A kipekhia teng ngaihdam naak sang in Anti-Nationalist ci in Monywa Jail ah khum vek uh hi. A makaite ahihleh kipekhe lou ua gamnuai mah ah kibu uh hi. - A nung in Burma Army te’n tuisan camp valuhkhia uh hi. b). BURMA -Chin National Liberation Front(CNLF): 1964 a kiphut ahi. President Soncinlian, Secretary Pachungnung Parte, leh External Affairs Minister Damkhohau ahi uh. Amau pawl mi 40, Pachungnung Parte makaihna in India gam a pawlpi, Tunkhopum a te pawl Chin Re-unification-Chin Liberation Army(CR-CLA) te toh training khawm diing in kuan uh hi. Jampi khonawl a Guest House (Bangla) a akingakna uah Burma Police te’n va um ua, mankhe vek ua Mungjua(Monywa Jail?) ah khum vek uh hi. Hiai mun ah Pachunun Parte lel suakta hi. Amah pen khosung a mehding leh antang lei a kuan toh Burma Army te amau pawl luh ding a kuante toh khosung ah kituak uh hi. Amah Parte toh ka houlimna uah “keipen hon theitumlou uh ahihman in ka kipeel ua, ka nung etleh ka lawmte sepaihte’n a a-um uh ka gaalmuh” chi hi. c). BURMA-Chinland Independence Organization(CIO): 1962 kum a kiphut ahi. Heutu tallang deuhte ahihleh - Thangkhansuan, Thangzapau, Haukhankhup, Salai Aunghte, Salai Myoaye leh Lianmang Lianmang ahi uh. - 1966 kum in hiai CIO pen Zomi National Front(ZNF) ci’n khek uh hi. - Amau pawl Kachin Independence Organization(KIO) te’ lak a training ahi uh. Himahleh Tedim area a a-om sung un bangchichi hiam in Government in bengdai hi. d). INDIA- Chin Re-unification – Chin Liberation Army (CR-CLA): December 23, 1962 in kiphut a, President Tunkhopum Baite, Chief of Army – Lt.Col. Sonkhopau Suantak (ama zoh in K.Vungzalian), Lt. Col.Ngullet Baite -Home secretary, Paukhohau Khuptong – P.A. to President. Nengzathang Valte Southern Command, Northern Command ah Mr. Guite ahi uh. - Amau sugnu Police station leh Singngat police station luhman ua, huaizoh East Pakistan ah training nihvei kuan man uh. Note: A chiangzaw sem Laibu a hong kibawl diing ahihman in, ngak ni. e). INDIA – Mizo National Front (MNF): 1961 a kiphut ahi. Heutulian tegel ahihleh Laldenga(President), Vanlawma(secretary). 1986 in Mizoram state mu ua, himahleh Manipur South District a te ana ki-utlou. f). INDIA – Kuki National Army – UK (Demkhosiek Party) – Hiai toh kisai document ki base na ding ka muh nailouh ziak in a detail kon taklang theikei a, na hon ngaihsiam uh ka hon ngen hi. Hiai a tung a pawlpite’ tup kibang vek hi. Zo suante India kumpi leh Burma Kumpi vaihawmna nuai a i gam sehnih kisuah pen gawmkhawm nawn diing chih ahi. Zo suan i hi cinapi in Nomenclature(sakmin) Chin/kuki/Mizo/Zomi thu ah kithulual theilou ua, kihazatuah ua, tungnun kituh in aguktak leh a langtang in kinawk uh hi. KIGAWMNA(Re-Unification) ATHU TOH PANLAKNATE: - 1960 PNC memorandum to Pandit “Re-Unification of the Chin People” - 1961 Haukholal Thangjom,Tunkhopum Baite, Kaihau Vaiphei telawi in Lal Bahadur Shastri kiang ah memorandum vapia uh.(Imphal ah). - 1983 kum in ZNC in Re-Unification policy paipih kawm in back up plan in ki base na diing deihna kawm in India Prime Minister Indira Gandhi kiangah Zomi te’ kivaihawmna diing “Union Territory” nuai a provision bang a bawlsak diing in memorandam ana pia uh hi. - ZNC General Assemply Kangkap - 22nd-25th January 1985 sent to Prime Minister, Governor of Manipur. 1970-90 –KIGAWMNA(RE-UNIFICATION) ZOMI MIN TAKTAK A PANLAKNA: a). INDIA – Zomi National Congress (ZNC)- January 21, 1971 a kiphut ahi. President Upa. T. Gougin MA, Semkhokam Samte(secretary) – amah thakheng – Thangkhangin Ngaihte Mphil, Lalneihthang Hatlang(V.President), Women wing secretary - Kimneichong ahi. ZNC - Armed wing Zomi Revolutionary Volunteer(ZRV). ZRV commander Khamkhogin Thangjom - Hiai pawlpi in ahihleh policy nih nei uh hi. Kigawmna(Re-unification) leh India a Zomi te Union territory provision nuai a kivaihawm ding ngen uh hi. - Den a i gensa bang in - 1983 kum in India Prime Minister Indira Gandhi kiangah Zomi te’ kivaihawmna diing “Union Territory” nuai a provision bang a bawlsak diing in memorandam ana pia uh hi. - Luang le vaisuah(Tipaimuh) a kipan Tuibuang a DC’ office tan slogan sam in khe a pai ngatngat ua –ZNC manifesto leh slogan tuamtuamte sam kawm uh hi. – Eg. We Demand Union Territory Provision”. If ZNC dies who lives; If ZNC lives who dies” Zomi in ka piang a, Zomi in ka nungta a, Zomi in ka si diing”. - ZRV te’n Singngat sub-division, Thanlon Sub-division leh Henglep sub-division ah lamlian ana sial uh. Khau-le-khua kizopna(communication) ah pan nasatak in ana la uh hi. - ZNC General Assemply Kangkap - 22nd-25th January 1985 sent to Prime Minister, Governor of Manipur. ZNC/ZRV puksiatna ziak tampi om ding. Tu khang a mite athei tampi om diing i hihman in kei a theiloupen in ka gen poimoh hi’n ka ngaihsunkei hi. ZNC/ZRV ziak in Mipite’n sinlai tampi muh uh ka gingta hi. Siamsin te’n i subject ah ki sin ngeilou a, khangthu i sin ciang in Vaite leh Sapte’ history kia kisut ahihman in i KHANGTHU(History) sin ngeilou na nana khangthu nei ngellou bang a kingaisuna om thei ding mah hi. Hiailam a lunglutte’n sui zek lehang laibu sim diing zong tapi mahmah ana omdan ahi. Ahi a, kei mimal’ muhdan in tu khang a ZOMI I hihlam kiphawkna diing a VAAK hon kawkmuh, asuk-atou, azu-aham thuak a TANGKOU Pu T. Gougin leh ZNC a akaihzatamte ahi uh. Tua hang in “Zomi Nampa” cih a om hial Pu T. Gougin ahi. Amau tuk a tha le zung seng a, doudalna nasatak nuai a pang ngam heutu tamlou cileng kigenkhial lawmlawm lou diing hi. Tuni’n Zomi Nam Ni i zat toh kiton in ZNC aphamta leh damlaite i pahtawi ahi. ZO SUANTE’ KIKHENDAN - 1970 leh ama lam: 1. GAM LEH LEITANG A GAMGI (GEOGRAPHYCAL BOUNDARY) a). FIRST ANGLO BURMESE WAR : Kum 2 sung khawng akidou nung uh February 24, 1826 in kilemna suai hon kaaithei khongkhong uh hi. Tua kilemna “Treaty of Yandabo” kici hi. Hiai a kipan vaihawm(administration) anop zawkna diing in gelhlouh gamgi (imaginary line/Demarcation line) hon khung uh hi. British government in India leh Burma khut a zalenna (Indpendence status) a piakkhiat dektak un hiai demarcation line zangsuak uh hi. Zomite’ a di’n poi petmah ! 2. LUNGSIM GAMGI (EMOTIONALLY BOUNDARY): Nomenclature A SAKMIN AH BANG OM HIAM ? IDENTITY/NOMENCLATURE CRISIS (Know the symptom in order to give treatment) a) KUKI: I theihsa ban un nidang a Manipur singtangmite Kuki a chiamteh vek i hi uh hi. Bang hang a taikhe pawl om hiam chih i sut zek diing. 1946 kum in Heutupa Zavum Misao makaihna in Imphal a Old Lambulane ah KUKI COMPANY phut ding ci’n kikhopna thupitak ana sam uhi. Tua hun ah nam tuamtuam Non-Nagate Kuki, Thadou, Paite, Hmar, Gangte, Gangte, Vaiphei, simte, Zou, Mayon, Lamkang, Maring, Anal, Chiru, etc.. chihte telkim phial uh hi. Himahleh hiai kikhopna ah Haokip te’n Haokip pau official language diing ci uh hi. Official language thu a kithukim theilou ahihman un kimkhat in meeting pailai pawtsan uh hi. Tua hang in Khul Union leh Kuki National Assembly hon piang vilvel hi. Eipaw Khul Union ah ki-om a kum tamlou nung in Khul Union zong active taktak lou in huchikawmkal ah Tribe recognition mu tribe tampi hong om a, huai nung kigwmkhawmna pawlpi taktak omlou in eimah paipai in i pai uh hi. Khul Union apan Hmar te’n Mizo Union zom uh hi. Tua nunglam in Mizo Union in Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council hon ngahtak un Hmar bial(tipaimukh) huamkhalou maimah a, thangpai lua in Mizo Union nusia ua, atuam a ding diing ci’n December 5, 1960 in Hmar National Union phut uh hi. 1991 KUKI-NAGA clash hong kipattak chiang in alang tuak ah pressure om hi. Tua kawmkal ah Mayon, Lamkang, Maring, Anal, Chiru, etc a diak in Chandel District lam a tribe om deuhte’n Offciial tak in Naga ana zom uh hi. MNF(Laldenga) leh KNA(Demkhosiek Party) kithuah ua, Chin LA leh NNC(Phizo) a te kithuah uh hi. Tuabang in MNF(Laldenga)-KNA(Demkhosiek Party) kipthuah in Chin Army (Tunkhopum Baite) tepawl aguktak in ana dou uh hi. Incident gentheihte bel – Maite incident, Teikhang(Baklui Camp) incident. Conflict of Interest - Chin & Kuki & MIZO b). MIZO: Laldenga in Tunkhopum Baite Mizo a fight khawm diing in ana kun hi. A convince louhtak in koihkhia hi. Amah kia lou Sialkal tangdung a CLA supporte (1966 – 1968 kikal sung in thah in om uh hi. Chin Army(Tunkhopum) leh MiZo Army(Laldenge) te Sialkaltang kituh uh hi. Confilct of interest –Mizo & Chin. c). LAIMAL (LITERATURE): Pau kibang nangawn laimal zatdan akibatlouh ciang in pawl khatte’n simhak sa uh a, pawlkhatte’ laigelhte sim peihlou se uh hi. Tua in tancin kitheihtuahlouhna piangsak hiaihiai a, atawp in kingaihnatna zong kiamsak a, ki-lainatna dausak hi. Dotna : Bang ziak a ZOMI hingal a CHIN/KUKI ana zang uh hiam ? Dawnna: Burma Government hon theihdan CHIN, India government hon theihdan KUKI ahihziak ahi. Mimal ngaihda kupna1: Vaigam ah na om a, vaite’n na min Eg – THANG pen a lamsiamlouh ziak uh TANG hon ci ua, NGAIHTE pen NIGAITE hon ci uh hi. Ahihleh nang na min TANG hia-hilou. Na behmin NIGAITE hia?. Amau sim siamlouh ziak a na min leh behmin khek ding mo ? Ahihleh bangziak a Burma leh India hon theihdan meilet mawk diing ? Ka min TANG ahikei a, THANG ahi na cih diing hilou diing hia ? A simsiam keileh “mawl e laisiam di’n le” cigeih lecin. Ka hihna KUKI/CHIN ahikei a ZOMI ahi ci a government record kheksak diing hizolou ding hia ? Bangalore – Bangaluru, Orissa – Odisha, Culcutta – Kolkata etc etc. Min govt recognised min dikloute mindik a akheektheihleh en bang diing a kheek theilou tuanse diing i hia ? Mimal ngaihdan kupna2: Sacrifice Lohchinna diing a apoimoh leh i taan(sacrifice) ding khenkhat om maithei, tuate i theihsiam a i kimanna poimoh hi. 1969 a Laldenga in Kawmpui khawmpi ah Manipur South Distirct a heutute muh theitheih hong mu chi uh hi. MIZO nomenclature diing a hon compaign lai in ana pom utlou uh hi. Mizo a merge diing kimanlou cihna. KNA-UK(Demkhosiek Party) leh MNF kizuiden ahi ua, Lushai Hills a MNF Camp khawng a omkhawm ahi uh. A tawp a Kuki sacrifice a MIZO a merge diing a Laldenga in a gen tak in utlou ua MNF pawtsan hiau uh. Mizo a merge diing kimanlou cihna. Lusei/Lushai te’n amau Tribe taan (sacrifice) ngam khop in ana pang ua, Young Lushai Association kichi 1947 kum in Young Mizo Association (YMA) in kheek uh. Tulai a in Tribe base a philanthropic organization te ZYA a khek diing kichi – hoihsa leh hoihsalou ki-om – Lets look for the next 50 yrs and beyond. Hileh a hoihpen diing hong piang diing hi. Mimal ngaihdan kumpna3. Geographycal Re-Unification – tangtung di’n na gingta taktak hia ? Kei mimaltak in Re-Unification(geographically) a taktak a tangtung thei diing in mengmuhna(vision) ka neibankei hi. India policy leh Burma policy i et ciang in baihlam hetlou diing ahi cih ka mu a, impossible bangphial in ka mu hi. Himahleh Pathian nei namte’ ai hi a, Pathian a diing in thil hitheilou omlou. Amah ngen ni. 1960s: Chin Re-unification movement hunlai a Chin Army a ana pang ngeita mi bangzahhiam ka dong hi. Atawmza a kipan dawnna ka muh ahihleh – - Back up Plan: “Tupna a saan leh kiatna sang” ci uh hi. Sialkal tang, Churachandpur, Chandel teng beek a lou theilou a UT/state a koih ding back up plan ahi ci uh hi. “Ahihleh bang in hon daal pen hi’n na thei ua “ ci’n ka dong hi. “India a Zomite’n democracy nuamsa lua, political autonomy/status neihna diing a ataktak a sual(fight) peih omlou” ci uh hi. “Burma pen Military nuai ahihman in khauh mahmah a, i geographical location in a citlouh ziak in Karen/Kachin te bang in sawt kipang theilou” ci uh hi. MNF movement lohchinna leh hatna bel Mizoram a 1959 – Mautam(famine) ziak ahi. Assam leh India government in ngaihsak lolou a, tuahang in tampi’n kialsih ua, mipi thangpai tinten uh hi. Mizoram National Famine Front (MNFF) pen 1961 kum in Mizo National Front ci’n khek ua “India solkal dou diing, independenc diing a sual ding” a cih ciang un mipi kithalawp mahmah uh hi. India solkal tunga thangpaihna tinten ziak ua mipite kithalawp uh ahi. 1971 in Union territory provision mu ua, 1986 in Mizoram full fledge statehood mu uh. Independent bel mu hiallou uh hi. Tupna asaan leh kiatna saang !! CONCLUSION: Ei Heutute’ theihtuak: a) Bang pawlpi hitaleh – a pawl neulua omlou in - Khotang vai ah, Sahkhua vai ah, Politics vai ah – Heutu nna lenkhate’ i theih diing ua deihhuai bel mipite’n hon phunsansan/gensiasia kawmkawm a hon zui thou uh ahi. Heutute’ dinmun a dingte’n i mohpuakna lian mahmah ahi cih mangngilh louh diing ahi. Heutu khat in YES/NO i cih un khangthu khekzou ahihman in angma sial lou leh mimal’ hamphatna diing kia en lou a, i mipite’ khualna a pan i lak taktak uh ngaita ahi. Thupukna i lak peuhmah ding chiang un tuak kipan kum 50 leh abaan ah mipite’ a diing in a phatuam diam, cih en masa gige lehang paikhial lawmlawm diing in i kigingtakei hi. Ei Mipite’ theihtuak: Christian kici ngen, Laisiangthou sinsak a kibulphuh(base) te i hi a Laisiangthou sinsakte salam kia a diing a kigen hilou a leitung i hihsung a i hihpih diing a sinsakna ahi cih phawk leng deihhuai i sa. a) Kingaihdamna(reconciliation), ki-ittuahna: Nunglam a omte mangngilh diing – Philippi 4:13-15 Nunglam a omte mangngilh in malam a om pen ka delh hi. Khrist Jesu a kipahman sang phakchiam ka delh hi. I lak ua a pil deuhdeuh bek in huchibang lungsim i nei diing uh. Hun paisa a Heutute mohsaksak phatuam nawnlou. Hun paisa a tribe khat-le-khat kitheihsiam louhnate ki mangngilhsak tani. Sensitive lokeini. Mimal khat-le-nih toh kitheihsiam louh(Personal enmity) a amau nam (tribe) teng dembawl ekmawk keini. A diak in Facebook, internet media, leh TV leh media tuamtuamte ah communal thilte post leh comment nawn kholkei leng cidamhuai zaw diing hi. Kingaihdam tuah diing – Matthai 6:14-15 - 14Mi a tatleknate uh na ngaihdam uleh, na Pa uh van a om in leng a hon gaidam sam ding. 15Himahleh, mite a tatlekna uh na ngaihdam keingal un, na Pa un na tatleknate uh angaidam sam kei ding. Ephesate 4:32 - 32Huan, kihehpih chiata lainatna nei in om unla, Pathian in Kris a ahon ngaihdam bang in, noumau leng kingaidam tuah chiat un. Kolosa-te 3:13 - 13Kuapeuh in kua tung ah leng thubuai nei bang hile uchin, kithuakzou chiat in, kingaidam tuah unla, Toupan a hon ngaihdamtak bang in, kingaidam sam un. Ki-ittuah diing – Rome-te 13:8 8Kiittuahna loungal, kuamah bangmah ba kei un; amau mihinpih itpan dan a jui kimta ngal a. Na mi hinpih, na chi na namte na it diing na bat ahi. Na it masiah bat pelou na hi. Lemna zon diing – Phatnalate 3:14 – Gilou paisan inla, thilhoih hih in, lemna zong inla delh in delh in. Mathai 5:24 – Kilem loupi a maitam a thillat sang in kilem masak ding a gen hi. (Speech delivered by Lun Valte on Bangalore Zomi Nam Ni Celebration 2013)

TONZANG GAMSUNG KHANTOH NANG KUMPI'N HUHNA PIA

Tongzang gamsung khantohnang kumpi in anuai a bangin huhna pia hi. (1) Siklei (210'x14'x7') cia huhna Ks. 21 million (2) Tuizon huhna Ks. 22.50 million (3) Sanglam - Tonzang tan 10 sang (150'x30') Ks. 54.50 million - Kholai tan 4 sang (60'x30') Ks. 21.00 million - Mualpi tan 8 sang (120'x30') Ks. 42.50 million - Lungtak tan 4 laklawh (60'x30') Ks. 18.60 million - Tuikhingzang tan 4 sang (90'x30'x12') Ks. 18.6 million Thukizakna - Zum - (200'x20'x6') Ks. 50 million Library (24'x14') Ks. 1.00 million R.H.C Balbit (30'x30'x12') Ks. 7.50 million Tonzang + Cikha Ekbuk (100) Ks. 55.00 million Tonzang zumlam nang (40'x40'x20') Ks. 18 million Tonzang Mualpi Tuitha mei (10kw) Ks.44.87 million Cikha Gamsung Lei (3) - (3'x25') - Ks. 9.60 million Haicin sang (90'x30') - Ks. 32.40 million Tuimui sang (120'x30'x12') - Ks. 42.40 million Selbung sang (60'x30') - Ks. 12.40 million Suangbem sang (60'x30') - Ks. 12.40 million Saipimual sang (90'x30'x12') - Ks. 17.60 million Cikha - Khampat mawtaw lam (8) miles - 34.20 million Kansau zang Sub Centre zato - Ks. 35 million Ayingya - (28'x24'x9') - Ks. 12.4 million Tedim - Tonzang - Cikha mawtaw lam - Ks. 250 million Zalui bawlnang - Ks. 180 million Tedim gan Tuithang pan Cikha gam Mauvom (44) miles - 1320 million Singgial - Zampi - Haicin - Ks. 1800 million Tuimang Sub Centre Zato Ks. 12.80 million (MP. Pu Neng Khen Pau) src:: Zomi Times Kawlpi Vol.7, No.13 March 30,2013 (Saturday)

Zomi National Day: 20th February

The Zo people are proud of this day because it epitomizes their struggle for a place in the sun, a struggle that began almost a hundred years ago amongst the Zomi of Burma under the banner of the Chin Hills Union Organisation (CHUO). On 20th February, 1928 the Chin Hills Union Organisation (CHUO) was formed in the Chin Hills of Burma. This was a milestone in the history of the people because for the first time a home-grown political organization was formed. It also laid down the foundation for the introduction of a national day. The first general meeting of the Chin Hills Union Organization was successfully held at Ware Village, Chin State on 29 September, 1932. The meeting resolved to work together for success in the fields of education, health, economy and social affairs. They also took the difficult and painful decision to drive out the imperialists as soon as possible. In fact, they extended their whole-hearted help in the 1936 Students’ Strike. Subsequently the political momentum picked up with the CHUO submitting nine petitions to the British Burma Government for the improvement of Chin Hills in various fields, including: [A] to grant equal rights in administration to Zomi similar to other foreign national; [B] to administer Chin Hills according to the rules and regulations adopted by the Zomi; [C] to permit freedom of religions; [D] to allow Zomi to have freedom of relationship with any nationality; [E] to grant independence to Zomi simultaneously with Myanmar. There was heated debate between the CHUO leaders and the British on the above memorandum. The Zomi were very angry with the unfriendly attitudes of the British, thus demonstrations against the Government took place in various parts of Kanpetlet. The 36 members of circle Chairmen declared their resignations from the public service in defiance of the detention of Zomi political leaders. Demonstrations against the Government also took place in many parts of the area. They said that they would no longer pay tax and would not also serve as their coolies. Furthermore, Aung San-Atlee Agreement was signed on 27 January 1947. In line with the agreement, the Constituent Assembly was to be elected to determine future administrative affairs of Myanmar. As such, Panglong Conference was held on 7 February 1947 and Panglong Agreement was signed on 12 February 1947. Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry was formed in March 1947 under the chairmanship of the Committee, the Zomi opted to elect their own respective constituent assembly. At the request of the Zomi, Chin Hills Enquiry Commission was formed with three members on 5 February 1948. The Commission conducted enquiry from 12 to 23 February 1948 and they recommended the introduction of the rule of democratic system of administration in Chin Hills and to grant compensation to the chiefs and headmen. A general meeting was held in Falam from 19 to 22 February to make a choice on the administrative system in Chin Hills and the election of Zomi representatives. The meeting was attended by over 5000 representatives of Zomi. On 20 February 1948, the representative of Tedim, U Thawng Za Khup submitted a proposal in the general meeting. According to his proposal the Zomi had suffered untold misery under the hereditary feudal chiefs and headmen. They imposed heavy taxes on the common people. So, the majority of Zomi were in favour of the abolition of hereditary feudal system of administration and they would like to bring about modern democratic system of administration in the Chin Hill. The popular vote was taken and 5000 representatives voted in favour of the proposal whereas 17 representatives voted against the proposal. Colonialism, the rule of hereditary feudal system by chiefs and headmen were then eliminated for the first time in Chin Hills at this mass meeting and introduced the democratic system which advocates the rule of the people by the people for the people. It is landmark in the history of Chin Hills because it was the first time that all the Zomi were able to hold the general meeting and achieves national unity among themselves. So, 20 February is a historic and meaningful day for the Zomi because all the Zomi were able to achieve national solidarity and unity on this very day. On 9 October 1950, the Chin Affairs Council decided officially to honour 20 February as Zomi National Day. Since then, the Day was observed as one of the National Holiday in Burma. The Day had been celebrated by Zomi worldwide till today although the Burmese Government officially recorded as Chin National Day. It is, therefore, the fundamental duty of all Zomi to safeguard its National Day, to preserve and maintain its culture, language, religion, and literature if we would like to keep our Zomi identity among the family of nations.

ZOMI Early History & Migration

The early history of the Zomi is obscure, shrouded in myths and legends. In the absence of written documents, it is extremely difficult to trace their early history. However, through historical, linguistics, archaeological findings, and ethnic relationships, it is now accepted that they belong to the Tibeto-Burman. Thus their movements can only be studied and identified in terms of the general movements of the Tibeto-Burman tribes. Like the other tribes of the Indo-Burma frontier areas, the Zomi too could have originated from China. The area which lies between the upper course of the Yangtze Kiang and the Hwang Ho Rivers are believed to be the original home of these people. S. K. Chatterji also makes an attempt to identify the area of the “North-West China, between the head waters of the Hwang Ho and the Yangtze Kiang Rivers” as the origin of the Sino-Tibetan migration into India and Burma. Dr. Grierson wrote “…tradition and comparative physiology agree in pointing to North-Western China between the upper course of the Yangtze Kiang and of the Hwang Ho as the original home of the Tibeto-China race, to which the Tibeto-Burman and the Siamese-Chinese groups belong”. Though acceptable because of lack of any other plausible explanation, the original home of the Zomi remain indeterminate. But still it is quite obscure to know when and how they were originated from this place. It is claimed that the Zomi is one of the oldest groups of people who settled in Burma. Regarding the pattern of their historical movements, the theory advanced by F. K. Lehman quoted below is worthwhile to note – “Ethnic and linguistic differentiation certainly existed at an early period. The ancestor of the Chin and of the Burmans must have been distinct from each other even before they first appeared in Burma. Undoubtedly, these various ancestral groups were descended in part from groups immigrating into Burma, starting about the Christian era. But it is also probable that some of these groups were in Burma in the remote past, long before the date indicated by any present historical evidence”. There is, however, no doubt that the Zomi had entered into Burma in different waves along with other groups of people. This argument is supported by folklores, oral tradition and legends. They came into this region by different routes. Some groups had gone up into the Tibetan plateau to the north while other groups moved into Burma in three waves. The First people who migrated from China were the Mon-Khmer races, and the second wave was that of the Tibeto-Burman races which consist of the Zomi, the Burmese, Lolo, Kachin, etc. The third wave was that of the Tai-Chinese consisting of Shan, Siamese, Karen, etc. The Mon-Khmer group moved first from Central Asia and entered into the Indo-Chinese peninsula. They mainly moved southwards following the Mekong Valley as far south as into Kampuchea and Thailand, whence by a lateral westward movement they reached Burma. The Tibeto-Burman wave, which includes the Zomi, moved south-westward, on the line of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin (Tuikang) and disbursed along the mountainous regions of the Indo-Burma areas and of Burma on its western side. Regarding the north southward migrations, Prof. F. K. Lehman wrote: "Historical linguistics, archaeology, and racial relationships definitely indicate the ancestors of these various peoples did indeed come from the North… history shows, however, that both hills and plain peoples have moved about within the general region of South-West China and Southeast Asia over considerable distances for many centuries until recent past”. With regard to the Zomi, it is mentioned that they had migrated from the north to the southern valley areas of the Chindwin River, and then stopped by the Bay of Bengal before turning to the north again. Carey and Tuck are also of the same opinion. And when they reached the plains of Burma they were divided into several groups. One group moved towards the areas lying between the Chindwin and Irrawaddy rivers. The other groups moved towards the south and the west of Chindwin via Hukawang valley, Zou country and Arakan before 1000 A.D. the last immigrants were perhaps the Lushei and Hmar ancestors who, according to Pu K. Zawla, came to the Chindwin belt around 996 A.D. According to their local tradition, the first known settlement of the Hmar tribes was the Shan Village (Shan Khua) where they came in contact with the Shans as borne out by folk songs like the one quoted below: “Ka pa lam thak a tha’n dang, Sinlung lam thak aw a tha’n dang; Shan khua ah thapo in vang….. (My father’s step were remarkably good, Sinlung’s steps were remarkably good; Tens are the good men in Shan village….) According to legendary sources, right from the early historical period the Zomi made their settlement in the Irrawaddy and the Chindwin valleys. After their kingdom was destroyed by the Chinese, they crossed the Chindwin and settled in the area of Kale-Kabaw-Myitha-Yaw Valleys and Panduang Hills. They made a permanent settlement in the valley areas of the river which they called ‘Tuikang’ – white water. But later the Burmese called the river ‘Chindwin’ (Cin/Chin=Burmese name for Zomi; Dwin = valley or region) and the name stuck through British acceptance. Another theory based on folktales and legends claim that the Zomi had founded a kingdom called “Pugam” and its capital was Pagan. According to Chinese writers, this kingdom was situated between two and three hundred li (1 li = ½ kilometer) to the south-west of Yung-Chiang, a border state of China, on the north and northeast Nanchao (Thai) states of Upper Burma and Northern Siam; on the north and north-east of the Cheula (Kamboja), and to the east the seas (Gulf of Marteban) to the south (Cambodia). The Burmese and Chinese called this place “Piao-khua”. It is said that the Zomi ancestors had settled there since 484 B.C. Fan Ch’o, a historian-turned-diplomat of the Tang dynasty, who was the author of “Man-Shu” (Story of Nanchao), 863 A.D. had identified the Chindwin river as “Mi-no-Chiang” (Chiang means River). He also mentioned the existence of three kingdoms in the ninth century A. D. They were Mino, Min-Ch’en and P’iao. Prof. Luce tried to identify the “Mi-Ch’en” (Zomi) as the ‘Man Kingdom of Kyontu’, a Burmese area situated near Waw qt, the old mouth of Pegu river, about 20 miles northeast of Pegu and P’iao with the Pyu or Pu Kingdom at Halin town in Shwabo area in Burma. Regarding Mino, it was, with Zo kingdom, situated near the Chindwin River. As Sir J. C. Scott remarks, “Probably they (the Zomi) may be taken to be a presentiment of the Pagan Burman before he acquired Buddhism. It is also undisputed that the Thet or Sak, of Thara Keltara, who moved from to found and start the Burmese race as we know, are a Chin clan”. The Asho Zomi tradition says that the original name of Pagan was “Pugam” which literally means country or Kingdom of our ancestors. (Pu=ancestors/forefathers; gam= kingdom/country). But, unfortunately, it has come to be written as “Pugan” in Burmese. Yet “Pugam”, “Pugan” and “Pagan” are not Burmese words. They are Zomi words. Moreover, Mount Popa also is simply “Pupa Mual”, a word or term absent in the Burmese vocabulary. This undeniable fact has been approved as true by the Burmese Socialist Programme Party Research office, Rangoon. Apart from this tradition, the Zomi of Yaw country in the Pakokku District also claims that they had come from Pupa (Popa) hills. The Zomi folksongs give the picture of their settlement, prosperity and the civilization that evolved in the plains of Burma until the hand of Tartars (Mongols) struck them in the last part of the 13th century A.D. Dr. Francis Mason also mentioned that the Zomi had established an independent state in the Upper Chindwin areas. The observation about the establishment of a kingdom is clearly evident by the terms “Kumpi”, “Mang”, and “Leng” which are equivalent to Kingship. However, their prosperity did not last long. They were destroyed by the Mongols. Lt. Trant wrote: “The interlopers disposed their king and put many of their chieftains to death; they obligated the others to seek for refuge in flight…with them went some members of the royal family, but in course of time, and from deaths and changes of residence, all traces of them were lost and they know not whether any of the royal blood exists or not”. READ MORE >>>>>> http://zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_14 >>>>>>

Zogam Tangthu A Tomin

Zogam (Chin Hills) pen a leitang tai patle 13,902 hi a, mihing pen 1974 kumin 354,000 pha dingin ki-ummawh hi. A gam buppi pen township 9 kisuah a, Tiddim, Tonzang, Falam, Thlantlang, Haka, Matupi, Paletwa, Mindat leh Kanpetlet kici a, Township Officer khat ta in uk hi. Thangmual (Fortwhite), Inbuk, Bawipa, Lunmual, Awtaraw leh Khonu kicite mual minthangte hi a, lui min nei deuh pen, Gun, Ciau, Bawinu, Lemro, Mata leh Mong kicite hi. Lih pen bual lian pen hi. Ki-ukna: Tang laiin Zogam pen kuama khut nuaiah om loin Zomite amau leh amau ki-uk hi. 1896 kumin Mikang kumpi in ana tawh la-in, India leh Kawlgam pen gam khatin uk khawm uh hi. 1948 kum a Kawlgam in suahtakna a ngah ciangin Zogam pen Chin Special Division kici-in a uk Zumpi pen Chin Affairs Council kici hi. 1974 kumin Zomitein State ngah uh a, Zogam pen Chin State kici a, Zo Zumpi pen Chin States People’s Council kici Zo Zumpi pen amasa in Rangoon ah om hi. Tua panin Kawlpi (Kalemyo) ah kisuan a, tua pan tawl khat khit ciangin Haka khua ah kikhin kik a, tu takin tua lai munah om hi. Biakna: 1. Khanglui Biakna: Ni dang laiin Zomite in dawi leh kau, sing leh suang bia uh hi. Mual leh guamte kihta in vokno akno tawh kithoi uh hi. Dawi nam tampi inn dawi, gam dawi a bia uh hi. Hih bang biakna pen Mikang pau-in Animism kici a, leitung mi khempeuh phial in tanglai in tua bang upna leh biakna a nei uh hi. Kawlte in zong Buddha biakna a zuih ma un hih bang khanglui biakna mah zui hi dingin ki-ummawh hi. 2. Pau Cin Hau Biakna: 1900 pawl ciangin gan tawh kithoih dawi biakna phiatin Pasian khat om hi ci-in upna biakna thak khat Pau Cin Hau in phuan hi. Tua biakna thak pen kibawl phain tu-a Zogam sung bekah hi loin Manipur leh Aizawl gam Zomite tenna dong in kizel man hi. Pau Cin Hau pen Tedim khua Khan Lian leh Cing Zam’ tapa hi a, 1859 kumin suak a, 1948 Dec. 28 ni-in Mualbem khua-ah si hi. Zolai zong phuan ahih manin “Laipian Biakna” zong kici thei hi. 3. Khristian Biakna: (a) American Baptist Pawlpi : Zogam Lai Siangtho thu hong puak masa pen American Baptist Pawlpi hi. March 15, 1849 kumin Rev. A. `Carson-te nupa Zogam tung hi. March 21, 1902 ciangin zato siam Dr. H. East-te nupa Zogam hong tung uh hi. Missionary masa pen Rev. A. Carson April 1, 1908 kum a sih ciangin Dec. 21, 1908 ciangin Dr. J.H. Cope te nupa hong tung hi. Dr. East pen a gam tawh kituak lo-a dam thei lo ahih manin sawt om loin America ciah kik pah a, a laih dingin zato Dr. J.G. Woodin te nupa Nov. 11, 1910 ciangin hong tung uh hi. Dr. Woodin te 1915 kumin Bhamo-an kisuan uh ahih manin Zogam nasem dingin Dr. C.V. Strait te nupa Oct. 2, 1925 ni-in hong tung uh hi. June 11, 1938 ni-in Dr. Cope a sih ciangin Dr. F.O. Nelson-te 1940 kumin hong tung uh hi. A nunung penin Rev. R.G. Johnson-te nupa February 2, 1946 ni-in hong pai uh a, 1966 kumin ciah kik uh hi. Amau nupa pen American Baptist Missionary Zogam pan a ciah nunung pen ahi uh hi. Hi banginZogam ah Khristian Pawlpi hong kipan a, 1940 kumin R.C.M. Pawlpi, 1948 ciangin S.D.A. Pawlpi hong tung uh a, tu ciangin Khristian Pawlpi tuamtuam tampi Zogam ah piang hi. (b) Khristian Khantohna: Zogam ah tui kiphum masa pen Thuam Hang leh Pau Suan hi a, April 4, 1904 ni-in Rev. Carson in tuiphum hi. Missionary-te leh Zomi Khristian masate in haksatna tampi tawh na hong sep ciangun hi bang tuiphum mihing khan’tohna kimu hi: 1915 – 150 1930 – 1,591 1940 – 5,514 1950 – 19,655 1960 – 37,705 1970 – kithei lo 1980 – 69,191 Hih pen Zomi Baptist Convention (ZBC) ciaptehna bangin tuiphum sa teng bek hi a, Pawl huam milip hi lo hi. Tua ciangin ZBC pen Zogam sung bek hi lo Kale Valley, Tamu Valley leh Upper Chindwin sung Zomi Baptist kipawlna ahih manin Zogam sung Baptist Pawlpi ahi lo Khristian Pawlpi dangte tawh kigawm lai leh Zogam bup Khristian pha zah pen kithei pan ding hi. (c) ZBC Tangthu Tawm: Zogam Khristiante pen tawm lai ahih manin 1905 a kipanin pawlpi khat bangin vai pai lai uh hi. 1948 ciangin Tiddim, Falam leh Haka ci-in Association 3 kisuah uh hi. 1953 ciangin hih Association thum tengin Zomi Baptist Convention ci-in kipawl khopna phuan uh hi. Tu ciangin ZBC pen Association tuamtuam 14 kipawlna hi a, Zogam sung Baptist bek hi loin a kiima Zomi Baptist te zong kipawl uh a, Tiddim, Falam, Haka, Kale Valley, Tamu Valley, Kalemyo, Thantlang, Matu, Tonzang, Kuki, Siyin, Zo, Thado leh Zotung ci-in Pasian nasep khopna hi. Tu-in ZBC pen Burma Baptist Convention sungah Karen zomin Convention thahat pen a nihna ahi hi. ZBC General Secretary masa pen Sia Hau Go hi a, tu laitak a sem pen sia Hrang Tin Khum hi. ZBC in Kawlgam bup BBC sungah pan mun a tuamtuam len ngei a, tu laitak BBC President zong Zomi Sia Tial Dum ahi hi. Lai Thu I gen sa bangin Tedim gam panin Pau Cin Hau in lai bawlin Zomite pen lai nei minam khat suak hi. Tua lai pen a tungin laimal 1053 bang hi. Tua pen kipuah phain laimal 37 kisuak sak hi. Hih laimal tawh biakna thu, tangthu leh late kikhumin Tedim gam bek hi loin Manipur gam dong kizang ngei hi. Hih Zolai tawh 1931 kumin British and Foreign Bible Society kici Lai Siangtho Khen Pawlpi in zong Mualtung Thuhilhna teng bu 500 khen ngei uh hi. (Tua Laibu pen India Bible Society in London Bible Society tung panin ngah ding a hanciam laitak hi). Kumpi lam panin Census of India, 1931 Volume XI; Part 1 laimai 194-5 sungah “Pau Cin Hau Script” ci-in kikhum hi. 1917 kuma Zomi French gam paite in hih Zolai zangin inn lamte tawh lai kikhak thei uh hi. Tu-a a kizang Mikang laimal bang loin Zopau pen hih Zolai tawh a awsuah a man lianlianin kigelh thei hi, kici hi. Tangthu a kigen savun tunga kigelh lai, uipi in a nek mang bang hi nawn lo ahih ciangin hih lai pen Zogam in a ngaihsut phat mahmah dingin kilawm hi. Mikang laimal tawh 1915 Dr. Cope in Mattiu bu Tedim pau-a a khet pen Zogama laibu kibawl masa pen hi. 1932 kumin Thuciam Thak bu kikhen a, 1977 ciangin Lai Siangtho buppi kikhen hi. 1932 kuma kikhen Thuciam Thak bu pen Zogam ah muh ding om nawn lo hi. Burma Bible Society ah bu khat kikhen hi ci-in Sia Kam Khaw Thang in gen a, London University library ah bu khat mah om hi ci-in “Tiddim Chin” kici laibu bawl Prof. Henderson in gen hi. Haka pau tawh 1920 kumin Lungdamna Thute leh Sawltakte Tangthu a kikhet cil kum hi a, 1940 in Thuciam Thak bu kikhen a, 1933 kumin Lai Siangtho bupi kikhen a, Falam tawh 1933 kumin Lungdamna Thu bute, 1937 kumin Thuciam Thak kikhen a, Lai Siangtho buppi pen a kibawl laitak hi. Zotung leh Ngawn pau tawh zong Lai Siangtho bu nono kibawl hi. Sang laibu tawh kisai-in Dr. Cope in Tedim, Falam leh Haka pau tawh Class IV dong 1925 in na bawl khin hi. Dr. Cope in missionary ahih hangin Kumpi ah Sang Mang (Inspector-of-Schools – Chin Hills), na sem ahih manin Sang Mang a sem lo missionary te nangawn tu dongin “Sang Mang” kicihlawh hi. Ni dang lai-in Zogam ah kikawmna haksa-a, khua muhna lah toi ahih ciangin gam khat leh nam khat ahih hangun kampau tuamtuam na piang hi. Tu hun leuleu ciangin kikawmna kiphakna tam, pilna siamna zong khang ahih manin khat leh khat pau leh ham kitheihna zong khang hi. Minam Min Tu-a hih lai gelhna sung ah kizang mah bangin Zomi leh Zogam cih pen a tunga kipanin a kizang tawntung hi a, Mikangte leh a pualam mi nam dangte in Chin leh Chin Hills ci-in ciamteh uh hi. Tedim gam pana lal Aizawl gam leh Manipur gam a tung mi pawl khatte i kilawh i kisapna khat Paite kici Zogam gen loh Tedim gamsung mahmah a zong a kizat loh pen mi tam pi-in lamdang sa in a hang kithei nuam ciat kha ding hi. Tua tawh kisai-in Census of India 1931, Vol. XI, Part 1, laimai 184 sungah: gamsung minam ciaptehna sungah Paite cih pen kiphiat hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh Zogam Mangpi (Deputy Commissioner of Chin Hills) in a genna ah Paite cih min pen Falam gam mite in Zogam sak lam (Northern Chin Hills) a teeng Zomite pen Thahdo hitaleh Zote hitaleh, Sukte hitaleh mi namte a cihna uh kampau hi a, amau minam min, amau kilawhna min hi lo hi ci hi. Thukhupna Zogam tangthu, Pawlpi tangthu leh minam tangthu cih bang a kicinga gelhna laibu omlo a, a om sunte zong Mikangte gelh ahih manin ei theih nop leh deih lam thu tuang kim lo hi. Missionary te hong paina thu a kigelhna laibu thum ka et leh a ni a kha a tuam ciatin kikhum a, Rev. Nelson hong tun ni leh kha a kikhumna om lo hi.Zogam sazian (statistics) a kikan hangin kingah zo lo hi. Zogam lai sim thei en thei (Literacy percentage) ahi zongin, Kawlgam bupa Zomi pha zah ahi zongin a thei om lo hi. I gam i lei sazian thei kei leeng a khang a kiam i hih bangci kitheih ding hiam? Tua ahih manin 1981 gambup kisimna (census) pen lim taka theih sawm ding ahi hi. Mai lam hunah thu a kicing zaw a kan, a gelh hong om pah ding lamen hang. Bang hang hiam cih leh Pasian in a bawl sa na khat peupeuh kep loh don loin a mawkna in nusia ngei lo hi. Leitung leh a bawl sa na khempeuh a uk ding, a keem dingin mihing bawl hi. A bawl sa Eden huan a keem ding a hah ding, a puah dingin mipa koih hi. Tua ahih ciangin minamte Topa ahi Pasian in a bawlsa, a piansak Zomite leh Zogam zong Ama deihna tawh kituakin, Ama vangliatna dingin a keem ding, a cing ding, a zun ding mipa koih peuhmah ding hi. Tua mipa pen nang leh kei hi hang. src; By Rev Khup Za Go (Lungdamna Aw, Lom 5 Hawm 11 leh 12, Nov-Dec. 1980, laimai 1, Lom 6, Hawm 1 January 1981 laimai 1 pan a kiteikhia)

ZO KHANG TANGTHU

(Chin, Zomi leh Ciimnuai-mi) Zomi Pupi ‘Zo’ ii suan leh khak khempeuh Zomi ahi hi. Pupi pen Noah suan Sem, Ham, Japhet-te lakah Japhet suan hi dingin ki-ummawh hi. Sengam ah ukpi (dynasty) a hunhunin kilaih hi. (2205-1766 BC Xia dynasty) Xia kumpi ukna hun hi-in, (1766-1122 Shang dynasty) Shang kumpi ukna hun hi a, (1123-256 BC Zhou or Zo dynasty) Zo ukna hun ahi hi. Shang ukpipa in khua kimah hausa upa koih lo ahih manin Zomite in baihtakin a ukna sutkhia zo hi, kici hi. Zo ukna hun ciangin khua kim ah upa, hausa koih ahih manin Sengam ah Zo uk hun sung pen a sawt pen hun suak hi. Hih Zo uk hun sungin mipil (philosopher) khankhiat hun hi-in hih hun a mipil minthang philosopher ahi, Confucius (Kung-fu-tze, 511-475 BC) in, hun sung tengin innkuan nuntak, beh leh phung kizopzia leh sahawm zia cihte a kipan hilhin sinsak a, tua ahilh ziate tu dongin Sente in zang lai-in, Zomite in zong zang uh hi. Zomi ih cih ciangin leitung bupa om Pupi Zo suan khempeuh kihel in, Zogam, Zo leitang pen kumpi te’n Chin State ci-a hong ciapteh sakna gamhuam teng ahi hi. Chin Mi Zo kumpite in a uk lai-un Sengam khen sagihin kikhen hi. Tuate in Han, Chou, Wei, Chow, Yeu, Chi leh Chin ahi hi. Hih gamte Zo kumpi in uk-in siah (tax) tam la lua ahih manin mite lungkim lo hi. Chin mite makai Yen Cheng a kici mitha hat khat hong khang in hipa in ( 230 BC pawl in) gamkhat khit gamkhat simin zo a, 221 BC ciangin tua gam sagih teng a uk khin hi. Yen Cheng in a kumpi gam mi “Chin Shi Huang Ti” a phuak hi. “Chin” kham cihna hi-a, “Shi” cih pen a masa pen ahih kei leh khatna cihna hi a, “Huang Ti” cih pen Milian cihna hi. Tua hi a, Milian masa khamkumpi cihna ahi hi. Hih hun pen a masa pen Chin Kumpi hun ahi hi. Hih Chin mite in tu dongin Sengam ah tengin uk suak uh hi. Hih a makaipa Yen Cheng in 256-206 BC sung teng uk hi. Tua khit ciangin Sen kumpi kizom toto a, tu dong in kizomsuak hi. Sen i cih kammal pen Sente’ min bulpi “Chine” – “Chin-qin” pan a hong piang khia ahi hi. (Zaide 42) Tua mite ukna zabi 20 dong kizom suak hi (Perry 252 Pa). Hih laibute tungtawnin i et ciangin “Chin” a kici Sen mite tu dong Sengam ah teng suak uh a, mundang koi mah ah paikhia lo uh hi. Tua kumpi ukna a kipat tung vua kipan kulhpi (Great Wall) lam kipan uh hi. Tua kulhpi tai 1500 sau-in, tu dongin thupi kisa mahmah hi. Shangyong kici upadi khauhtak bawlin thu zui lo mite thong ah khum uh hi. Zomite Kawlgam Sung Lutna Chin ukna hun sungin Kulhpi (Great Wall) ciang dingin mi khempeuh na semsakin, nek leh dawn thaman ginna pia lo a hih manin mi tampitak Sengam panin taikhia uh hi. Tuate sungah a dangte enlo-in Kawlgam a zuanteng tom et pak le hang, Kawlgam ah Karen-te na lut masa uh hi. Tua khit teh ‘Chin’ kici Sente pawlkhat, tua teh Kawlmi, Zomite leh KaChin mite ahi uh hi. Karen mite Kawlgam tawlam ah tengin, Kawlmite Kawlgam laizang Mandalay kim ah teng uh a, hih Chin a kici Sen minamte Kawlte tawh tengkhawm in Kawlmi suak uh hi. Zomite Kawlgam a lutun Zo gunpi (Tuikang) dungzui suk uh a, Mandalay a tun’ uh ciangin Kawlte in Chin mite sa uh a, Sengam panin kulh ciang nuam lo-a taikhia-te Chin ukpi pa in hong delhsak kik hi ding hi, ci-in lau mahmah uh hi. Zomite pen Chinte ahih loh lam a theih uh ciangin Mandalay Kulh ciang dingin zawn uh a, Kawlte in kua minam cih tel lo uh ahih manin Chin-te cisuak uh hi. Kulh ciang-a sila nasep ding ut lo uh ahih manin Kawlgam laizang panin nitumna-lam manawhin peemkhia uh a, pawl khat Gunkhawm dung zui-in paito suak uh a, Kachin mite a tuaksuk tawh kituak in, Kachinte zong kulh ciang ding ut lo ahih manin kileh kik-in kimasuan to uh a, Kachin gamteng ah teng suak uh hi. Kawlgam Laizang Kuam pan Zomite Tangthu Pawl Khat Zomite pen Kawlgam laizang tengah tawlpi khat mah Kawlte tawh na tengkhawm uh a, hih hun in Mon, Pyu, Kanyan lehThet minamte tengkhawm uh hi, kici hi. Pyu panin Kawlmi nam piangin, Kanyan panin Rakhaing, Thet panin Chin minam piang hi ci-in tangthu kan pawlkhatte in ciamteh uh hi. Hih hun pekin midangte in Zomite pen Chin ci uh a, tu-in kum 800 bang val khinta hi. Ahi zongin amau leh amau tudongin Chin minam, kici ngei lo uh hi. Pagan khuapi zong Zomite pau “Pugam” cih panin pai hi kici hi. Popa tawngkalat (volcanic neck) zong Tazahgam mual/tong ahih kei leh Pupa mual/tong kici hi. Gamtong i cih ciangin gam sungah khaniinte mihing pau bangin tong/pau in a gamlum theihna mun ahi hi. Tua bek hi lo-in Kawlte in a sum uh Dengga a cih zong Zokam-a dangka pan-a pai hizaw hi, kici hi. Pagan khuapi phuh hun pen AD 1044-1287 kimpawl hi-in, tua mun-a mualsuangte ah Zomite Chin mahin kiciamteh hi. Dahpa tangthu zong hih mun pan piang hi, kici hi. Pagan Popa panin nitumna saklam zuanin pai khia uh a, Sagaing gam kim teng ah sawtsim mah khawl in tua mun panin “Lengtong Hoih” tangthu piang hi kici hi. Hih Sagaing leh Ava kikal Sibani khua nai teng ah Zomite tawh kisai, inn mun logam leh vanzat lui (Ancient relics) tampitak tuni dongin kikan thei lai hi, (ci-in Tedim Sangpi Golden Jubilee Magazine, laimai 204-na ah Ngulh Khaw Suan in gelh hi). Hih a paitosuak lo Zomite Mungzua (Monywa) leh Gunkhawm (Kalewa) kikal tengah tengin “Khawhkhen” na ci uh hi. Tua mun pan Gunkhawm kantan in pai uh a, tu laitak a (Kalay-valley leh Kabaw valley) teng na tung uh-a, Kawlzang (Khawlzang?) na ci uh hi. Hih Khawlzang a lut hun pen AD 800 kimpawl hita hi (ci in Tedim Sangpi Golden Jubilee Magazine, laimai 322 na ah Dr.Khen Za Sian in gelh hi). Zomite pen Gunkhawm gundung teng leh Kawlzang kilak kuam teng ah teng masa uh ahih manin Kawlte in a mau ciapteh na Chin min puasakin Zomite ten’na gamsung-a om Gun cihna in Chin dwin/ csif;wGif; na ci uh a, Zo Gunpi cihna ahi hi. Bang Hang Zomite Chin Kici? Kawlte in Sengam-a Chin Mite Sa Chin i cihte pen tu dongin Sengam ah teng uh a, Zomi hilo uh hi. Zo cih pen a min diktaktak ahi hi. Chin min a puakna uh pen, Kawlgam laizang a tun ciangin Kawlte in, a maute Sengam panin a nawhkhiatte uh sa ahih manin “Chin ten hong delh uh” ci-in na lau uh hi. Tua panin Chin a kicisuak ahi hi. Tu dongin Zomi cih sangin Chin in kiciamtehzaw hi. Chin Kici pen Kawlkam “Tu-nge-Chin” pan Paisuak Professor Luce in Chin kici kammal pen Kawlte in lawm a cihna (Tu-nge-Chin / oli,fcsif;) pan hong piang hi, ci hi. (Ref. Chin Hills Linguistic Tour, Laibu, laimai-26.) Chin pen “Cin Hil” pan Kizomsuak Zo khang kante in i pupi Zo hi a, tapa nih nei in Kip Mang leh a nau Cin Hil hi, ci uh hi. Tua ahih manin sangmang J. H. Cope in Zomite Chin a kicih pen a pu uh Cin Hil hi a, Mikang khan ciangin Chin Hills ci-in a gammin in a koih hi, cih thu khamtung thu kizakna a bawlna sungah gelh hi. Chin pen Kawlkam hi-a Bawm, Cihna hi. Dr. Lehman in Chin cih kammal pen Kawlpau hi a, “Bawm” cihna hi. Kawlgam laizang ah a om lai-in bawm-in van ki-pua ahih manin, Kawlte in “Hei! bawm puapa” ci-a a sapna panin kizomsuak hi, ci hi. 5. Jin, Yen pan Chin min piang hi. Zogam a om Zomi te thu agelh Carey leh Tuck in Zomi te, Chin a kicih pen Senpau in Mihing/Pasal cihna ahi, Jin/Yen kici kammal te pan piang hi ding hi, ci uh hi. Bang Hang Zomite Chin Hong Kici Thukhupna Hih a tunga nam li-te sung panin a masapen mah maanpen ding hi. Bangbang ahi zongin Chin pen Zo minam min hi lo hi, cih kitel mahmah hi. Pawl khatte in Sengam (Chin dynasty) Chin ukpi suante hi hang ci-in tangthu gelh om napi-in a gelhte naleng in Chin mi ka hi uh hi a ci khat beek om lo hi. Chin cih pen a pupi uh’ min hi leh Zomite sungah nam khat beek in Chin minamte ka hi uh hi, ci leh kilawm hi. Chin, a kici minam kuamah om lo hi. Tua hi a, Zomi pen minam min maantaktak ahihna thu kitel mahmah hi. Tedim gam Khangthu Kan Kawmiti in CHIN leh ZO thu a thukzaw-a a kantel khit uh ciangin, ZO hi hang, cihna in a zawh khit banah leitunga pilna sang nei tampi mah in ZOMI na hi uh hi, hong cihna thukho, thupicing hi ci-in kisang a, ZO hihna thu kakipsak zawsem uh hi, ci in (Gamngai Magazine, Laimai 229 ah) Khuadaite Dr. Ps Kham Do Nang in gelh hi. Ciimnuai Mi Ciimnuai cih pen Zomite Zogam sung a lut ciangin a tun’ masakna mun min ahi hi. Ciimnuai mi i cih ciangin Ciimnuai panin a peemkhiate’ suan leh khak khempeuh huam a, Ciimnuai mi, Ciimnuai vontawi te a hi uh hi. Zomi a kici khempeuh Ciimnuai mi hi khin lo hi. Kawlzang pan khamtung zuanin Zomite a pai uh ciangin tonkhawm nawn loin kikhen thang uh a, pawl khat in Zogun dung zuito hi. Tuate in Locom lam zuanin pai uh a, Lailun khul ah teng uh hi. Tua pan gamhoih zuanin kikhen leuleu uh a, Falam, Hakha, Matupi leh Thantlang gamteng ah teng uh hi. Pawl khatte Zogam leitaw lam zuanin paisuk lai uh a, Paletwa, Kanpetlet dong ah teng uh hi. Hih “Lailun Khul” a tung masate in a luzangah tuktum uh ahih manin, lusuangte kici a, a tun masak na min pua-in amau leh amau “Lai-mi” kici uh hi. Hih Lailun Khul pen Falam Khua gei Sunthla khuataw-lam teng ahi hi. Pawl khatte in Tuikang gundung nitumna lam zui-in Tuingo lui a phak uh ciangin Tuingo dungzui uh hi. Zangpi tam a tun uh ciangin Ngatan lui dung zui-in Ciimnuai Khul ah tung uh hi. A dang pawl khatte Thuamvum pan in nitumna lamah tuaksukin Sialtang lui zuan in kahto uh a, Ciimnuai Khul mah tung uh hi. Hih Ciimnuai a tung masa Zomi te deklam tuktum pawl hi a, Ciimnuai vontawi ahih kei leh a pupi Zo min pua-in ZOMI a kici ngiatte a hi uh hi. Hih Ciimnuai kici mun pen Tedim pan Saizang lam zuan-in pai leng, Saizang khua tunma deuh mual kidawh iuh-euhna mun nuai deuh, mualnuai dang teng ahi hi. Tua munteng Sihzangte in Eden huan, mihing piankhiatna bangin ngaihsun uh hi, ci-in, Carey Tuck in The Chin Hills laibu sungah gelh hi, kici hi. Ciimnuai pan mun tuamtuam ah Tualgal tuamtuam hang leh nuntak nopzawkna ding zongin Zomite ciaugal kai-in kimkhat Bangladesh gamdong tung uh hi. Pawl khatte in paipai in sau pai lua uh ahih manin amin uh mangngilh in “paite” na kici uh hi. Tua mite Manipur Lamka kimteng ah tam teng pen uh hi. Tua bang a paito pawlkhatte in amau’ phung min kengin Thahdote na kici uh a, Manipur gam sung mah ah tamteng pen uh hi. Ciau gal a kaite a tam pen Mizo in na kilo uh hi. Bangbangin a kilo zongin Ciimnuai pana peemkhia khempeuh ZOMI, Ciimnuai vontawi, unau sanggam laizom khat ahi hi. Ciimnuai pan peemkhia, unau laizom khat tektek, bang hangin pau leh ham kibang lo hiam cih thu, minam i kikhenna zia tawm kikumsuk dih ni. eel leh sa, gamtat zia utdan a kibat loh pen lam dang sak ding hi lo hi. Lai Siangtho sungah Kai leh Abel-te zong numei masa pen Eve sungpan suak tektek, gamtatzia a utdan uh kilamdang pah lian hi. Esau leh Jacob unau a peeng hi napi’n, a vun uh a ham leh a nel in kilamdang hi. Tu laitak leitung mi khempeuh Noah suan vive hi napi-in Pasian in Babel tausang a lamna hangin mi khempeuh pau kitukalhsak hi cih i theihsa ahi hi. Tua hangin leitung ah kampau nam atul-a simin kilamdang hi. Zomite zong Ciimnuai ciangah kampau aw-kaih kibang lai hi napi-in a kikhen ciangun mun leh gam zui-in a aw-kaih leh kammal pawl khat a kilamdang ahi hi. Tuate pawl khat a tomin en pak leng: 1. Zote ih cih “ii-aw” kammal a zang pawl: Zo cih pen Zomi khempeuh in mun, mualdawnlam genna-a a zat kammal ahi hi. Simlam, cih ciangin lui tawh kinai-na lam, tuitaw lam genna hi a, ni sa-in khua lum hi. Zo lam pen khua vot hi. Ciimnuai pan kimkhat Balzang ah tengto uh a, tua hun lai-in Tedim gamsung khua om khempeuh lakah a votpenna mun ahih manin, a dang teng in Zo lam-a tengte a cihna un Zote na ci uh a, tuate suan leh khak teng Zote kicisuak hi. Pawlkhatte in Zomite pupi Zo i suan leh khak deuh dingin ngaihsun khial kha uh hi. (ci in Rev.G.K Dal in Tedim BEHS No.1 Golden Jubilee Magazine laimai 309 na ah gelh hi). Zomite pupi Zo khang pen 1123-256 BC hun lai pek hi-in, hih minam neu tuamtuam-a a kikhen pen Zomite Ciimnuai a tunkhit, AD 1500 kum khit ciang hi pan hi. Tua ahih manin Ko pupi Zo tawh khanggui kizom deuh ung, a ci thei ding kuamah om tuam lo ahih manin Ciimnuai pan-a a peemkhia khempeuh laigui khat ahi hi. Tu-a Zo kampau deuhte a pupi uh pen Suan Tak ahi hi. Pu Za Hung in tapa nih (Sek Tak leh Suan Tak) nei in, Pu Sek Tak tapa Thahdo hi-a, Pu Suan Tak sungpan Sihzang leh Zote khempeuh banah, Pu Suan Tak suan mitampi, Thahdo te sungah om ahih manun, Thahdo, Zote, leh Sihzang te Unau phungsung khat ahi uhi (ci in Dr.Ps. Kham Do Nang in Gamgai 21st Thanksgiving Magazine laimai 233 na ah gelh hi). 2. Teizang kampau pawl: Pawi gal (Vaipi gal) a tun ciangin Ciimmnuai pan Luika khua sat uh a, Luika khua a siam Gulpi in vok, ui leh naupang peuh ne thei zel a hih manin, tua gulpi a thah uh ciangin Luika khua kicim gawp a, tua mun panin Teising honkhat a pona leizang mun khat ah kisuan uh a hih manin Teizangte kici hi. Tua mun pen tulaitak-a Mualbem khuataw teng ahi hi. Hih khua asat hun pen AD 1500-1600 khawng teng hi ding in ki-um mawh hi. Penglam zong Teizang pau in kipau-sak hi, ci-in Dr. Ps Kham Do Nang in (Gamngai Magazine laimai 231 ah) gelh hi. Hih Teizang khua pan a sawtlei loin Mualbem khua satin kituah leuleu uh a, Mualbeem khua pen Sukte khuapi, ci-in kiciamteh hi. Hih khua panin Zomi mipil milian tampi khangkhia hi. 1892 kum in Tonzang ukpi Hau Cin Khup (Ukpi a suah ma), Teizang pau a siamna dingin Mualbeem khua ah kikoih hi, kici hi. 3. Saizang kampau pawl: Ciimnuai khua pan saigam (gamsai) tam mahmahna luita dung mun khat-a teng phei pawl teng, Saizangte kici pah hi. Nam min hi loin, khua min hizaw hi. 4. Sihzang kampau pawl: Saizang khua, tulaitak a khuataw lam nekpian ah tui limci mahmah sihtui khuk khat om a, tua kim-a teng teng zong Sihzangte mah kici leuleu hi. 5. Vangteh kampau pawl: Mangkang Galkap General Founce leh Major Raike makai-in 1889 March 09 ni-in Siallum kulhpi sim gawp uh hi. Tua ni mahin Vangteh khua mi khat in inn lam in inn vang a tehteh laitak Mangkangte in Mangpau tawh na khua min uh bang a hia? a cih leh nasep a dong sa in ‘innvang ka teh’ a cih leh Mangkangpa in a dalzazi bu sungah “Vangkateh khua” ci-in ciamteh pah hi. 6. Diim kampau pawl: Tu laitak-a Diimpi khuataw teng ah AD1500 kum kim pawlin cikdumpi buan leh tui a kidim khat om a, tua pen a tomin Diim ci uh a, tua lai-a teng mite Diimte kici suak hi. Hih mun teng pen a minthang ngei khat ahi hi. Tua kim tengah “Keei tui” kici, dawn kha leng sahang nam a kisuak thei tui khuk khat zong om in tua tui pen Mangkangte hong khan ciangin leivuk cip uh hi, kici hi. 7. Khuano kampau pawl: Teizangte Hau Cin Khup in a pano Do Thawng’ nek dingin siah kaihna ding khua kimkhat pia hi. Do Thawng in khual a zin’ ding sialin a gamh luah dingpa Pau Khua Mang in, kaw’ pai ding ci-a a dot sialin ‘Khuano kual ah’ ci den ahih manin tua kimteng Khuano Kual kici suak hi. Tua khuate pen Dimpi, Dimlo, Suangpi, Phunom, Thangnuai, Taakkhawl, cih bang . . . khua sawm-le-thum pha uh hi. 8. Tedim kampau pawl: 1857 kumin Lushai gal leh Meitei gal a ven’ ciangin Tedim khuapi ah Zo, Vaiphei, Teizang, Diim, Thahdo, Gangte, Sihzang, . . . kiptak in tengkhawm uh a, inn 300 val bang a phak uh ciangin, ki-ukna zong haksa pian cipcip ahih manin tua teng kigawm-in, khua laizang lamdung- a Khangnote’n a zat uh kampau (kihelzau) pen 1860 kum ciangin Kam Hau Thukhun’(Regulation) 27 teng leh Tedimkam, ci-in kipsak uh hi. Tua a kihelzau kampau a zangteng Tedim-kampau ci uh a, 1919 kum ciangin J. H. Cope topa in Zolai Sim Bu a bawlsak ciangin hih Tedim Uk sunga kam tuamtuam apau khua khempeuh tawh thukimna om bangin Tedim kam-in bawl a, a khua-nung ciangin‘T -Tedim pau, eimau pau’ ci-in Zolai sinna-in kinei hi. Thukhupna Pupi Zo suan leh Ciimnuai vontawi ahi khempeuh sim leh zo, tuipi galkhat dongah a kikhen zongin laigui zom khat, puan khat zawngkhawmte a hihlam mangngilh ding hi lo hi. A kibat lohna neucik a omte sutlo zawin, a kibatnate uh gawmkhawm a, a minam uh leh a gam uh --Zogam, Zolei zun khawm diamdiam ding hizaw hi. Ngeina, kampau, leh laite kemin, zangin, zun khawm diamdiam thei leh, Zogam a pal lun semsem ding hi. Hih i gelh Zo Khangthu tung tawnin Zomite unau laizom i hihlam tel in hong kipum khatsak semsem ding hi, ci-in ka lam-en hi. Pasian in Zomite’ thupha ahi dingin hih lai asim mi khempeuh Thupha hong pia ta hen. Amen ! Et kak laibu te (Bibliography) C. Thang Za Tuan. “Zomi te Pusuah Cilna, Khanlawhna Leh Khantohna,” Tedim BEHS No.1 Sangpi Golden Jubilee Magazine. eds. H.Gin En Cin leh adangdangte. Yangon: MBC press, 1999. C. Thang Za Tuan (Prof. Ph.D), Advisor of ZBCM, Lecture hand out given in Tamu ZBCM Youth Conference, in May 2004. Cin Za Nang, Cin Sian Pau leh alawmte. “Zomite Pianna Thu,” Sezang Khua Kum 100 Cin Magazine,2004. G. K. Dal. “Ciimnuai Mi, Tedim Mi,” Tedim BEHS No.1 Sangpi Golden Jubilee Magazine. eds. H.Gin En Cin leh adangdangte. Yangon: MBC press,1999. Hau Khan Langh. Suangphei Khua Hualnam Beh Kipawlna Laibu. 2008. Khen Za Sian. “I Pu I Pate’ Sul,” Tedim BEHS No.1 Sangpi Golden Jubilee Magazine, eds. H.Gin En Cin leh adangdangte. Yangon: MBC press,1999. Ngulh Khaw Suan. “Etlawm Mualkuam Zogam Nuam,” Tedim BEHS No.1 Sangpi Golden Jubilee Magazine. eds. H.Gin En Cin leh adangdangte. Yangon: MBC press, 1999. Ps Kham Do Nang. “Zo Khang Tangthu,” Gamngai 21st Century Thanksgiving Magazine. ed. Cin Khen Mang. Yangon: Hebron Printing Press, 2008. Tuan Khaw Kham. “Zomi Tawh Kisai Theihhuai Thu Tuamtuam,” Tedim BEHS No.1 Sangpi Golden Jubilee Magazine .eds. H.Gin En Cin leh adangdangte. Yangon: MBC press, 1999. Vum Lian Thang. “Ciimnuai Pana Tedim Mite,” Tedim BEHS No.1 Sangpi Golden Jubilee Magazine. eds. H.Gin En Cin leh adangdangte. Yangon: MBC press, 1999. By, MNcinpu (BA; M.Div) Suangphei Khua.

Lakam leh Paunak Pawlkhat

1. Lampam sik khiallo kuamah omlo = Mihingte kuamah a hoih bukim omlo, damsungin a khiallo kuamah omlo. 2. Nu leh pa thumangte’ a Nahlawh peek = Nu leh pa thumang te lawhcing nuam. 3. Ainah Phahpih = Bulpat pih 4. Bui tawholh = Tawsa nawh, nawh thithe. 5. Zawng thuak di ngau in thuak = Akhial pa’n a thuak dinglai midang khat in athuak zawte. 6. Simbeng zong kim citciat tangzang kiguan = Pilna, theihna kibang ta leh a makai deuh kiguan/awm kuul. 7. Na neklouh ding vonggah kei ken = Na zohloh ding na bangmah panken. 8. Ui leh kel bang = Kilem lo. Ki tawngtawng. 9. Akta duhgawl kilawhkhuh = Huai ham luat man a tan nei lo, Gimna kingah thei. 10. Aikaw haan =Inn mun beka hangsan mundanga meidawi 11. Tagah nawi mu = Khengvala zang. 12. Zehphi kha = Takhial kha. 13. Kiguul luuk = A guuk a pangkhawm. 14. Sakhi a pi a san a no san = Nu leh pa ki suun. 15. Deihkop in sengvang pua = Huaiham selua sengvang a puak leh a puak teng baw gai in a deihzah pawkhalo. 16. Kawlgit suluuk = Zawng sang. 17. Belta buh duh = Zi neih ut ta. 18. Vailak zunthak bang= Hun tomcik sung a beipah sawt kimang lo.siamkhaute 19. Khuttung lumleh bang = Lungsim khel themthum. 20. Mi khut a gul man = Eima sep loh pi eima sep dan hisak nuam.